Chlorine dioxide Essays

• the type of disinfectant used ,say for considering case of disinfection by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) substantial amount of chlorite (ClO2 -) is formed which acts as a precursor or product.(Bull ,1982) • the disinfection dose, • the residual disinfection involved, • nature and conditions of disinfection • temperature, and pH, • reaction time, • nature of source water • the constituents of water (organic as well as inorganic ), and • most importantly the concentrations and properties of naturally

Mercury Chor-alkali is the least common form of chlorine production because it creates a lot of drawbacks. The use of such a large amount of mercury results to be very costly, especially when involving the cost of environmental protection. While some of the pros of mercury might include requiring low brine purity and very high quality of products, mercury technology is one of the most expensive technologies when it comes to electricity consumption, which makes it very unsustainable. While Diaphragm

The Sometimes Deadly Chlorine Chlorine is a yellowish-green poisonous gas with a very unpleasant and strong odor. (Appelman 516) It ranges from being used to kill in World War 1, to being used combined with sodium to make table salt. It can be a very dangerous element, but yet used for so many good things. Chlorine has a ton of history, multiple uses, and an interesting atomic structure. Chlorine combines with almost every single element, so it cannot be found in nature alone. It was first made

together, the anion from the reactant molecule will transfer over to the pure element, causing the original cation to become a pure element. When magnesium metal is placed in hydrochloric acid: Mg + 2HCl --> MgCl2 + H2. Here, it can be seen that the chlorine anion that was a part of the hydrochloric acid is transferred to the pure magnesium, leaving behind hydrogen. Double-replacement reactions are yet another type of chemical reactions. A double-replacement reaction also involves the transfer of anions

Chlorides of group || cations contain (Cadmium chloride, Mercuric chloride, Copper chloride and Bismuth chloride). 1- Mercuric chloride HgCl2:- It's poisonous odorless white crystalline solid, very toxic compound, and it's slightly volatile at ordinary temperatures. Parent acid and base: Hydrochloric acid HCl + Hg(OH) 2 Uses:- *Antiseptic and disinfectant in insecticides, preservatives, and batteries. *Antibacterial. * Obsolete substance. Preparation: Mercuric chloride can be obtained

is its formula? A: ZnCl2 3. Can you determine the atomic weights of zinc or copper by the methods used in this experiment? How? What additional information is necessary in order to do this? A: Yes, we need molar mass of sulfur, hydrogen, and chlorine. Then set the molar mass of copper and zinc to x and y. And use the mole ratio, which is 1:1 for two reactions to solve the unknown. 4. How many grams of zinc chloride could be formed from the reaction of 3.57g of zinc with excess HCl? A: 3.75g

metal of the molecular species, as well as a new molecular species with the original elemental species and the ion or non-metal from the original molecular species. For example, if elemental zinc (Zn) were to react with hydrochloric acid (HCl), the chlorine from the hydrochloric acid would bond with the zinc to create zinc chloride (ZnCl2), leaving the hydrogen (H2) as a diatomic gas. The second reaction is a double displacement, in which two species, both consisting of two parts, essentially switch

It is simply one more day on the battlefields of World War I which had the destructive combination of new weapons and old procedures. A standout amongst the most repulsive weapons utilized was Five-Nines – a toxic substance gas, which entered the lungs and created a chemical reaction that caused an extremely painful death. As using several of exceptional literary techniques to create his inspirational voice in the poem “Dulce et Decorum Est”, Wilfred Owen - a British soldier in World War I had successfully

3.7 Homogeneous Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol To investigate the redox catalytic activities of the synthesized AuNPs using the olibanum gum, we selected a well-known catalytic reaction the transformation of 4-NP to 4-AP by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a model reaction and the reaction was monitored using UV–visible spectroscopy. The absorption peak of 4-NP undergo red shift from 317 nm to 400 nm immediately after addition of NaBH4, corresponding change in the colour of the solution from

Chapter 7 Results 7. RESULTS 7.1 PREFORMULATION STUDY 7.1.1 Organoleptic Characteristics Organoleptic Characteristics was visually determined which was compliance with the standard. Table 7: Organoleptic characteristic of naproxen Sr.no Properties Standard Observed 1 Appearance White crystalline White crystalline 2 Odor Odorless Odorless 43 Taste Bitter Bitter 7.1.2 Melting

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS PREFORMULATION: S.NO API CHARACTERISATION RESULTS 1 Physical Appearance Mycophenolate mofetil white to off-white crystalline powder 2 Melting point 93-94ºC 3 solubility Freely soluble in acetone, soluble in methanol, and sparingly soluble in ethanol. Table 3: Characterization of API Calibration Curve of Mycophenolate mofetil: Calibration Curve of Mycophenolate mofetil in pH 7.4 PBS Solvent pH 7.4 phosphate buffer Saline (PBS) Wave length 253 nm Unit for concentration mcg/mL

How can Sodium Fluoride Ion solve the issue “cavity” In this essay, I will explore about how sodium fluoride ion can be addressed to one of the most common health issues in the world “cavity” by investigating the properties of sodium fluoride ion and how those properties of sodium fluoride ion are related to addressing this issue. Sodium Fluoride ion is an ionized combustion of non-metal atom Fluorine and alkaline metal sodium as you can notice from its name, and its scientific equation is NaF

A typical Ag-In phase diagram is shown in Figure-1, where seven equilibrium phases exist, out of which two are intermetallic phases i.e. Ag2In and AgIn2 also known as φ and γ phases, respectively [9]. The silver solid solution of Ag-In has solubility of indium up to 21 wt. % with a wide temperature range. Contrarily, the indium rich solid solution has lower solubility of silver i.e. ~1.0 wt. % of silver. At eutectic point of 144 °C, an eutectic reaction occurs at 97 wt. % of indium. At room temperature

gases (Oxygen gas and Chlorine gas) at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. In my previous chemistry classes, I have learnt that concentration affects the majority of the gas produced at the anode. This made me wonder, how does the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode vary at the electrodes. This made me formulate the research question: How does the concentration of Sodium Chloride solution affect the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the

1.Chemical properties Elemental mercury (Hg) has an atomic weight of 200.59 u, oxidation states 0, +1 and +2. Is a liquid and volatile metal soluble in water to some extents? In the oxidation states +1 and +2 is able to form organic compounds of type RHgX and R2Hg where R can be alkyl- or Aryl groups. The RHgX compounds properties depend on the nature of the X rest; If the organic compound contents hologenides the result is a highly lipophilic compound whereas If the rest is oxygen anion, chemically

Enthalpy of neutralization The purpose of this experiment is to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl). Introduction A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction where a base and an acid react with each other. The products will always be water and a salt. The balanced reaction equation for this experiment is the reaction below (Enthalpy of neutralization, 2018). 〖NaOH〗_((aq))+〖HCl〗_((aq))→〖NaCl〗_((aq))+H_2 O_((l))

Determination of the molar mass of a chosen compound/element Fran Jurinec 1.M Introduction Molar mass is a physical property of a chemical element or substance which shows the mass per amount of substance. My task is to determine the molar mass of a product substance from one of the following equations: a. Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) b. CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l) c. Na2SO3 (aq) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + S (s) + SO2 (g) For my experiment,

Objective: I will be combining calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid as a case study to measure the rate of chemical reaction. This gives us the equation CaCO3 + 2HCl  H2O + CaCl2 + CO2 Background Information: Several factors are already known which increase (or decrease) the rate of reaction. An increase in concentration of the acid allows for a greater number of hydrochloric acid molecules colliding into those of calcium carbonate. Although not every single particle would result in a successful

Experiment 2 Preparation and Spectrophotometric Analysis Of Copper (I) Iodide (CuI) Abstract The aim of the experiment was to obtain pure Copper (I) Iodide (CuI) and to determine the mass percentage of copper in the purified CuI sample .Crude CuI was obtained by redox reaction of Copper Sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H¬¬2O) and Potassium Iodide. The crude CuI was further purified to obtain pure CuI. Standard solutions with known concentrations of Cu2+ ions, ranging from 0 to 0.0032g/L was prepared

Silica gel [James .C. Bolyan, 1994] Silica gel is a granular, vitreous, and porous form of the silicon dioxide which is synthetically obtained from the sodium silicate. Silica gel contains a non porous silica micro structure suspension inside a liquid. Most application gel should be dried. Fig: 30. Silica gel Structure Density : 700 kg/m3 Boiling point: 2.2300C Molar mass: 60.08 g/mol