Cholera toxin Essays

Drug by Condition – Cholera Introduction Cholera is a disease that is rarely seen in the USA. Reported cases of the condition come only from people who recently visited cholera endemic regions or eating poorly cooked seafood. However, the statistics around world speak a different story. Cholera is still a major condition that many people fight against. WHO reports that there are about 1.3 million to 4 million cases of cholera reported around the world annually. The disease is also responsible for

Cholera is a disease that can be acquired by drinking water or eating food that is contaminated with the Cholera bacteria. Cholera usually spreads when eating raw or undercooked shellfish. The cholera bacterium can be found in marine water attaching itself to chitin-containing sea creatures. The cholera bacteria infects the intestines and the spreads to the rest of the body after it is ingested. The infection can be mild or with no symptoms, but 5-10% of people infected will have severe cholera

London’s cholera epidemic had several key players that contributed to the overall state of the epidemic. Arguably the most influential of these players is John Snow. Firstly, Snow was one of the few people at the time who did not believe that miasma was responsible for the spread of cholera. He would be paramount in the eventual downfall of miasma as a theory. More directly, Snow went to a meeting of the governors of St James Parish, “insisting that the community needed to remove the pump as soon

25BHS suggests to read tAfï[]me (“from doing”) with 1QIsaa and LXX. Whether we follow BHS proposal or the MT reading, the meaning of the line remains the same since in poetic parallelism the preposition !mi in v. 13a (tB'V;m)i governs the following line (v. 13b). However, the BHS proposal is a more a plausible reading because of tAfï[]me in v. 13e. 261QIsab, Theodotion, Syriac, Targum, and Vulgate read ^yc,Þp'x] (pl.) as ^c.p.x, (sg.). We opt for ^c.p.x, because of the recurrence of the term in v

It is clear that overpopulation and unsanitary conditions are to blame for the cholera outbreak. Issues of diagnosing cholera became difficult, due to society’s previous views on the cause of disease. Miasma became the believed and accepted cause of the outbreak. Snow’s overall difficulty would come from disproving this hypothesis, along with convincing individuals that cholera was infact a water borne illness, originating from Broad St well. Snow was the founder of the first epidemiology board

world’s largest Cholera epidemic in decades. In Deadly River: Cholera and Cover-Up in Post-Earthquake Haiti by Ralph R. Frerichs, the author recounts Renaud Piarroux’s experience during the Cholera outbreak in Haiti and the political upset that ensued in the impoverished country. In the aftermath of the earthquake, Renaud Piarroux, a French epidemiologist, was asked to investigate the outbreak of Cholera by the Haiti government. It was thought his previous dealings with Cholera would be beneficial

that the cholera outbreak started in the Broad St. water Pump Handle and how he tried to prove that cholera was transmitted by drinking contaminated water and not by miasma as it was believed during that time. Chapter Six mainly talks about Dr. John Snow trying to prove that his waterborne theory was true by completing his Grand Experiment and interviewing people that were affected by the cholera outbreak; he also tried to find a correlation between the Broad St. water pump and the cholera outbreak

which is toxins. The scientific name is known as Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning or (PSP). Starting off, paralytic shellfish poisoning is a silent killer. Paralytic poisoning is an illness caused from eating shellfish that have been exposed to dinoflagellate algae ("Paralytic Shellfish" 2 . This is a natural occurring toxin, that is caused by some types of microscopic algae. This toxin affects the nervous system and can even cause damage to the muscle system. In other cases, when the toxin level is

Year 9 Science Ecology Symbiosis Symbiosis Symbiosis is the relationship between two living organisms. The main types of symbiosis are mutualism, parasitism and commensalism. The association between the two organisms can be beneficial to one or two of the species or in some cases be harmful, depending on the type of symbiosis. Commensalism Commensalism is a biological term which is used to describe the relationship between two living organism, where in which one benefits from the other without

death to the exposed individual. The basic mechanism of the toxin (which has eight serotypes) is blocking the release of a neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) at the synapse between the motor neuron and a muscle (1). By obstructing the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction, the muscle is unable to contract thus, causing muscle paralysis. This potent toxin has therapeutic as well as cosmetologic uses. I will focus on how C. botulinum toxin is used in surgical cosmetology as well as describe how

Johnstown flood is a non-fiction book written by David McCullough. It details the events of the May 1881 flood in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The flood devastated Johnstown and resulted in 2,209 deaths. The cause of the flood was the rupture of the nearby Three Mile Dam. The dam was known to the people of Johnstown as the “South Fork dam,” which is the term that will be used in this paper. David McCullough is a professional historian. He has written numerous books on a wide range of topics. His most

illness. Progress Cholera: Cholera is one of the major challenges Haiti still faces as a result of the effects of natural disasters. Shortly after the 7.0 magnitude earthquake that struck Haiti in January 2010, Haiti experienced a devastating cholera outbreak, killing over 9,100 people (United Nations, 2016). Since then, efforts have been made to further prevent such an epidemic. However, when Hurricane Matthew struck Haiti in October 2016, the country faced a cholera outbreak battle again.

The use of neurotoxin “periodic botulinum toxin” injections is considered to be the gold standard treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum and attains a “reversible neuromuscular blockade at presynaptic terminals, therefore, preventing the release of acetylcholine in response to action potentials” (Holden, Vokes, Taylor, Till & Crumley, 2007). Botox is directly put into the affected muscles of the larynx; therefore, injection of

You can make it happen with a single Botox injection. The results from this cosmetic procedure have made it a Hollywood craze and it has now become much more accessible to non-celebrity patients as well. What exactly is Botox? Botox is botulinum toxin for short. It is a substance that is derived from Clostridium botulinum, a kind of bacteria that may cause food poisoning that can be fatal. It does sound scary. However, in controlled amounts, it can do wonders for wrinkles. What is used in Botox

diseases. Later in 1876, Robert Koch identified bacillus bacterium was the cause of anthrax. This was the convincing evidence that proves the validity of the germ theory. Besides that, Koch also identified the microorganisms that cause tuberculosis and cholera. Therefore, the accuracy of germ theory is supported by scientific evidence and it began widely

Chapter nine commences by telling its readers about how Lee Harding was diagnosed with E coli 0157:H7. After eating some tacos at a Mexican restaurant, he started to have excruciating stomach pains and diarrhea. Harding’s stomach was hurting because of some frozen hamburgers he ate a couple of days ago. Those same hamburgers provided by Hudson Foods were infected with E. coli 0157:H7. Millions of those same frozen hamburgers had already been sold and most likely eaten. The middle of the chapter

Nigel Courtenay-Luck, Ph.D., CSO of Antisoma, at a recent 9th European Biotech Crossroads meeting, talked about data from Phase 1 of a study on a new type of biomolecule called an aptamer. He said that aptamers are very similar to antibodies; they can both recognize and bind to antigens, they both have low nanomolar binding, and the pKa of both molecules can be modified easily. He said that they are ideal to be used as therapeutics because they can bind well(since they are 3-D) without causing an

describes one of London’s greatest epidemics, the cholera outbreak of 1854, and its investigation by Henry Whitehead and John Snow. Henry Whitehead, a priest from the Soho area of London, began investigating the cholera outbreak days after it first occurred. John Snow, a doctor and anesthesiologist, also began interviewing residents of the area around Soho and the Broad Street well area. Having previously investigated the topic Snow set out to discover how cholera spreads, searching for evidence to prove

Johnson talks about the cholera outbreak that occurred in Victorian London during the mid-1800s, during this outbreak more than 600 people living in London died from cholera. The book The Ghost Map also talks about how Dr. John Snow who is considered as the “The Father of Epidemiology” created his “Big Experiment” this experiment consistent in finding the reasons behind the cholera outbreak and how it was possible that a certain part of the city was having the most cases of cholera while other parts of

The use of a symbol has the ability to profoundly address a potent message while challenging the mindset of the audience. In Harding’s short story his main character George Crosby, is plagued with Parkinson's disease and renal cancer. Harding imposes an alternate reality despite Crosby’s terminal illness and final days of life. Opening his novel with “George Washington Crosby began to hallucinate eight days before he died” leaves an impacting affect that helps the audience create an emotional connection