Crystallization Essays

• Iodine Solution Weigh 7.7g of potassium iodide into a 50cm3 beaker. Use distilled water to help the iodide dissolve. Swirl for a few minutes until the iodide has completely dissolved. Using a funnel to help, pour the potassium iodide into a 500cm3 volumetric flask, make sure all traces of the solution is in the volumetric flask. Using distilled water would be a good method in order to rinse the beaker. Make the solution up to the 500cm3 mark with iodine (1% concentration) • Starch Indicator Solution

Hydrates are names given to compounds that contain water molecules with the formula of H2O, usually containing a fixed value of water mass percentage (Kauffman, 1998). The experiment performed consisted of three main parts. First, different hydrated salts were heated in test tubes with a Bunsen burner in order to determine observational changes for before, during, and after dehydration. After dehydrating the salts, water was added back into the test tubes to determine if rehydration was possible

Kendrell Goodwin Formula of a hydrate Objective/hypothesis The objective of this lab is to calculate the number of moles of the anhydrous salt and the moles of water driven off. The purpose of this lab is to determine the formula of the hydrated salt. The outcome expected in this lab is that the Procedure Get a porcelain crucible and cleanse with soap then rinse with tap water. Follow up after rinsing with tap water, with rinsing with distilled water. Place the crucible on the iron ring of the

Percentage Composition of Hydrates The Introduction: Hydrates are ionic compounds and are often a type of salt with a definite amount of water as part of their structure. Hydrates are decomposed into anhydrous salt, a no-water compound, and water vapor when heat is applied; water vapor is released from the hydrated compound, which leaves with an anhydrous salt that weighs less than the hydrate. But how do we find the percent of the water that was lost after applying heat to the hydrates and how

Chemistry Exploration Topic: determining the activation energy of a chemical reaction Research Question: What effect does temperature of the chemical reaction have on the activation energy ? ICT: Microsoft Word Autograph Microsoft Excel Introduction This experiment is designed to help in estimating the activation energy of the rate-limiting step in the acid catalyzed reaction of acetone with iodine. This is achieved by measuring the reaction rates at different reaction temperatures over

Crystallization is attained by a three step process, first supersaturation state, second nucleation and third growth of crystals. For solute to leave the solution a certain degree of supersaturation is necessary, where the solvent will contain excess of solute that it can contain at a particular temperature [5], [7]. Some of the methods that induce supersaturation are methods based on change in temperature, solvent removal, drowning out and reaction partners [8]. Crystallization of APIs has

been adulterated with sugar. The crystallization results from the formation of monohydrate glucose crystals, which vary in number, shape, dimension and quality with the honey composition and storage conditions. The lower the water and the higher the glucose content of honey, the faster the crystallization. Temperature is important, since above 250C° and below 50C virtually no crystallization occurs. Around 14°C is the optimum temperature for rapid crystallization, but also the presence of solid particles

The reusable hand warmer is a pouch filled with a sodium acetate solution that uses exothermic crystallization to warm up. Exothermic crystallization means that, when activated, the hand warmer will radiate heat by the process of crystallization. To activate the process, the pouch has an inverted metal disk floating around within the solution and when pressed or “clicked”, the process initiates (Brain,

Solubility of a Salt Introduction: The solubility of a pure substance in a particular solvent is the quantity of that substance that will dissolve in a given amount of a solvent. Solubility varies with the temperature of the solvent. Thus, solubility must be expressed as quantity of solute per quantity of solvent at a specific temperature. For most ionic solids, especially salts, and water, solubility varies directly with the temperature. That is, the higher the temperature of the solvent (water)

produced from sea water brine and is highly hygroscopic in nature, used in many chemical and medical industries. Bischofite is unique in purity and is the most biologically active mineral available in the world today. This review summarizes crystallization processes of bischofite from concentrated brine and possible bischofite suspension

“The history of the text of the Bible in the church may be divided into several basic periods, especially with reference to the New Testament: (1) the period of reduplication, (2) the period of standardization of the text, (3) the period of crystallization, and (4) the period of criticism and revision, a struggle has been waged between the proponents of the “received text” and those advocating the

The main objective of this experiment was to isolate the compounds in a given mixture, which was composed of 50% fluorene, 42% o-toluic acid, and 10% 1, 4-dibrombenzene. Techniques of extraction and crystallization was used to perform the procedure. The two major compounds in the mixture (fluorene and o-toluic acid) was collected; these were separated by two major methods. The o-toluic acid was extracted first by using macroscale extraction and testing for acidity. By adding a strong acid to the

An important factor of post-industrial landscapes is preservation of the industrial past. There are two different ways to treat historic architecture and landscapes: one is to create a static monument to the past and the other is to focus on dynamic processes and focus on the time passing. In the design of post-industrial sites, the first way is expressed by a return to the preindustrial era when industry did not intervene with nature like the 1962 design proposal of a Victorian-style landscape

A racemic mixture is a mix of equal numbers of enantiomeric molecules. Each enantiomer rotates plane-polarized light in an equal but opposite direction and is optically inactive because they are mirror images. when an optically active compound is synthesized, the product formed is found to be an optically inactive racemic mixture containing equal amounts of both l and d forms. The process where enantiomers are separated into l and d forms is referred to as “resolution”. the mixture is then said to

Objective: The objective of the experiment is to synthesis cis-Norbornene-5,6-endo-Dicarboxylic anhydride in a Diels-alder reaction. The chemicals used are Maleic anhydride and Cyclopentadiene. In this experiment, the melting point and of cis-Norbornene-5,6-endo-Dicarboxylic anhydride is determine. Also, the percent yield. Reaction: Equation of Reaction C5H6 + C4H2O3→C9H8O3 Physical data Structure Name Cyclopentadiene Maleic Anhydride Formula C5H6 C4H2O3 Molecular Weight 66.10g/mol 98.06g/mol

The main objective of this experiment was to isolate the compounds in a given mixture, which was composed of 50% fluorene, 40% o-toluic acid, and 10% 1, 4-dibromobenzene. Techniques of extraction and crystallization was used to perform the separation. The experiment was separated into two parts; each part was to isolate a major compound from one another. The two major compounds (fluorene and o-toluic acid) were also collected. The o-toluic acid was extracted first by using macroscale extraction and

it causes the melting point to decrease and the range of the melting point to increase. In order to identify a pure substance, it must be purified in order to get an accurate melting point estimation. Purification can be done through crystallization. Crystallization is one of the simplest and most effecting ways to purify a solid. The procedure involves dissolving the impure solid, gravity filtering the hot solution through fluted filter paper to remove impurities and then cooling the filtrate to

The above maxim resonates with me. I was born into a middle class family with ordinary educational background. My father was a first genration college student and took up teaching for high school as profession. My mother completed tenth grade and is a housewife. They had to work hard to put my brother and me through college but they imbibed the value of knowledge in us from a young age. I took up engineering as a career due to my innate interest but I was the first in my family to attend a univeristy

ring structure or an alkene group. The reactants were dissolved in xylene since they have more solubility compared to the product which undergoes crystallization. Thereafter the mixture was refluxed to maintain constancy in temperature and ensure mixing. Since xylene has a high boiling point of 140 °C, the reaction proceeded speedily. Crystallization of the product took place as the mixture underwent cooling. Filtration was used to isolate the product. The tests with regards to the melting point

The Diels-Alder reaction, an electrocyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, also known as a dienophile, was used in the experiment. The purpose was to synthesize a substituted cyclohexene derivate by the reaction between the diene and dienophile, and it reacted in a reflux solution with toluene as the solvent forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. First, approximately 54 mg each of both compounds, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (TPCPD) and diphenylacetylene (DPA), were