Crystallography Essays

were a time of great change and exploration, and a time of immense competition among inventors and scientists. Undoubtedly one of the greatest races was the one to lead science and change the world with one’s mind. A particular invention, X-ray crystallography, revolutionized science starting in 1915 and continuing its impact to today. Beginning with Max von Laue, a struggling physicist, and falling into the hands of the father-son duo William Lawrence and William Henry Bragg, the two scrambled to formulate

assumed she would be in charge of any projects or team involvements. It was noted that she graduated a year early to attend Cambridge University, due to her eagerness to assist in war effort. At Cambridge University she was introduced to X-ray crystallography, in which she would excel. She mastered the ability of calculations to reveal 3-dimensional films of the smallest molecules, and eventually the double helix in DNA. She began research on coal and created a better gas mask, a critical safety

Rosalind Elise Franklin Rosalind Franklin was born on July 25, 1920 in Notting Hill, London, England. Franklin earned her PhD from Cambridge University. She studied a course in crystallography and X-Ray diffraction. These aspects will play a big role in the discovery of the DNA structure. Franklin was very good at taking pictures of things that were hard to see for a normal human being. She took a picture of the DNA structure and this is how the DNA structure came to be. All the other scientists

chemical reaction of DNA synthesis. The researchers used x-ray crystallography to follow the bond formation and structural changes associated with DNA replication reactions. These transition states have never been visualized previously. They catalysed the reaction by using DNA polymerase (Pol) and were able to extend the use of flash freeze technology. This allowed them to see the reaction in real time, with the help of X-ray crystallography. Due to this new technique, they observed additional transitional

studying the structure of DNA. They went to King’s College in London to get a picture of a DNA molecule. By going to King’s College they were introduced to Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. both of them were involved in researching DNA through crystallography in King’s College lab. although frinklin always had an aggressive personality Wilkins couldn't do anything

used by Watson and Crick as evidence to support their DNA model and took credit for Franklin’s work. Some argue that Franklin’s work was not confidential, however, Watson and Crick published a new model of the DNA code which included Franklin’s crystallography photograph and her research. She did not give them permission to use her work and the two men went on to win a Nobel Prize for Franklin’s research. The Nobel Prize was given to Watson and Crick “for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure

couldn’t interpret. In an issue of Nature was the first publication the less chaotic X-ray image of DNA. This image inspired many people to dig deeper into the history of DNA. John Desmond Bernal a well-known scientist who pioneered in X-ray crystallography. About the time Franklin died he was spreading word of her significance. “As a scientist Miss Franklin was distinguished by extreme clarity and perfection in everything she undertook. Her photographs were among the most beautiful X-ray photographs

Glucansucrase is an enzyme from Streptococcus mutans which is essential for the pathogenicity shown by it in dental caries. Glucansucrase converts sucrose molecules to glucose molecules and uses it for production of the biofilm chain. Thus the inhibition of this enzyme can prevent the long chain formation and in turn prevent biofilm formation typical in dental caries. (Ito K. et al, 2011) [54]. A variety of -glucans polysaccharides such as dextran, mutan, alternan and reuteran are synthesized by

British chemist Rosalind Franklin is best known for her role in the discovery of the structure of DNA, and for her pioneering use of X-ray diffraction. Franklin was responsible for much of the research and discovery work that led to the understanding of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. There is probably no other woman scientist with as much controversy surrounding her life and work as Rosalind Franklin. Early Life: British chemist Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born into an affluent Jewish

produced more X-ray pictures, using makeshift apparatus the like of which is hard to imagine nowadays. In 1951, Wilkins was joined by Rosalind Franklin, a British physical chemist who already had an international reputation for her work on the X-ray crystallography of coals. She set about building a dedicated X-ray lab at King's and was soon producing the best images ever of DNA. These led her to the idea that maybe the DNA molecule was coiled into a helical shape. Linus Pauling, the US chemist, and author

Synthesis of nanoparticles 1mM aqueous, and ethanol solution of silver nitrate was prepared for synthesis for silver nanoparticles. 1ml of plant crude extracts was added upon the various concentrations of silver nitrate solution such as 1mM, 3mM and 5mM and abrupt color changes indicates silver synthesis. 4.8 Oxalic acid preparation: The 100 mg of oxalic acid was weighed and dissolved in 100 ml of double distilled water for chemical silver synthesis. 4.8.1 Oxalic acid silver synthesis: 1mM of ethanol

cyclic structure of dextrins [32, 33]. He also delivered the results of enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrolysis, and acetolysis with acetyl bromide pattern of dextrins. During this time, other researchers confirm the cyclic structure of dextrins by X-ray crystallography [34, 35]. In 1948, his group discovered γ-dextrin and elucidated its structure [36]. He suggested for the first time, the hydrophobicity of inner cavity in dextrins

that its active site could be used to determine the binding regions necessary for the new drug. Along with the bacterial thymidylate synthase, the inhibitors of the bacterial enzyme were crystallized, and their structure was established by X-ray crystallography (Patrick, 2013, p. 407). The binding site and the inhibitors were examined together, in order to obtain a better idea of the binding interactions that were utilized by the inhibitors. One of the inhibitors, CB 3717, was shown to form hydrogen

is negatively charged, if you’d have three of these they would repel each other instead of attract. His error in basic chemistry gave Crick & Watson more time to make their discovery. The key to their final success was the technological X-ray crystallography, this machine can make the invisible world of molecules visible. But this is only understandable if you know what the patterns are. Rosalind Franklin was very good at deciphering these images and making sense of

The purpose of this experiment was to observe and conclude the impact of a higher alkalinity and increasing sodium chloride concentration had on the yield of lysozyme crystals through crystallization. The constants for this process were sodium acetate at a concertation 0.05 M for every well in both rows, along with the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) being set at 10% for every well in both rows. The two rows of wells that were tested deviated in alkalinity, row A having a pH of 4.5 and

her childhood she spent with her sister at Geldeston in Norfolk, from where she went by day to the Sir John Leman school, Beccles, from 1921-28. Dorothy visited the Sudan as a girl in 1923. Dorothy was a british chemist who developed protein crystallography. She won the Nobel prize of chemistry in 1964.She became interested in chemistry and in crystals at about the age of 10. Dorothy Crowfoot were allowed to join the boys doing chemistry at school, with Miss Deeley as their teacher; by the end of

using a technique known as cyclic voltammetry, and through the results of these tests, she could see where and when a reduction was occurring. By using liquid-liquid diffusion, Brown was able to make crystals from her ligands, and she used X-ray crystallography to determine their structures. In the future, she plans to do more experiments through Providence College including removing the chloride and THF groups from her ligands as well as reducing the iron center to an oxidation state of

Fig shows 3.13 powder diffarction pattern (it shows diffraction lines and holes for incident and transmitted beam) If a powdered specimen is used,instead of a single crystal,then there is no need to rotate the specimen,because there will always besome crystal at an orientation for which diffraction is legitimate.Here a monochromatic X ray beam is incident on a powdered or polycrystalline sample.This method is use ful for samples that are difficult to obtain in single crystal form. The powder method

It is the year 1962 and all over the world people are talking about Watson Crick, James Dewey Watson, and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins. Today is an important day because the three are awarded the Nobel Prize for unlocking the secrets of DNA. But they were not the rightful owners. They did not deserve that prize because they stole a lot of someone else’s work. That work belonged to the scientist known as Rosalind Franklin. She is the unsung hero of DNA. You might not know that name but you should

What is the purpose of DNA in a cell? • DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living things; all known cellular life and some viruses contain DNA. • The main role of DNA in the cell is the long-term storage of individual information and replication of the cell organism. Why can’t you see the double helix with the naked eye? • Double Helix: the structure formed by the double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such