DNA replication Essays

How DNA replication takes place? DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which pertains genetic code. DNA replication takes place when a doubles-stranded DNA molecule is duplicated to create two identical DNA molecules. In general, DNA replication is the most fundamental processes that transpires within a cell. How do you explain the link between this process and biopsychology? Biopsychology is the study of how emotions, thoughts and behavior are affected by the brain, the nervous system and neurotransmitters

DNA replication process It is the process which DNA make copy of itself during cell division. 1. In DNA replication is unzip double helix structure of DNA molecule. 2. This replication is carried out by enzyme called helicase which break the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary bases of DNA together {A with T, C with G}. 3. Separations of two single strands of DNA create Y shape called replication fork. Two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strand of DNA. 4. One

machinery to duplicate, so for DNA as well. For initiation of replication requires energy and enzymes. DNA is double stranded helix which requires linear conformation for replication. So to help it out special enzymes and proteins bind to it. Topoisomerase cuts the DNA strand and made path for helicase to bind to DNA strand. Helicase plays part in unwinding of DNA helix so that to facilitate other replicative machinery to bind to DNA(Pope et al., 2001). The two strands of DNA are unzipped by this motor

to Science Alert.com, DNA is a double helix which consists of two intertwining strands of genetic material and this genetic material is made of four different bases which are guanine, thymine, cytosine and adenine. (1) Replication occurs when an enzyme called helicase uncoils into the double helix onto two intertwining strands. The second enzyme is called primase and basically what this does is it attaches a ‘primer’ to each of the strands and the third enzyme is called DNA polymerase and this attaches

DNA replication is the process in which DNA duplicates itself in order to give the exact copies to the daughter cells. Enzymes play a pivotal role in the replication of DNA. One of the important enzymes is the DNA polymerase which provides nucleotides to the increasing chain. DNA helicase is another enzyme that is required for this process its role is to attach to the DNA strand in order to unwind it to two separate strands. The DNA single-stranded binding proteins is a type of protein that binds

how to transcribe and translate DNA sequence DNA transcription and translation are common terms in DNA replication. Therefore, for one to understand and master how to transcribe and translate a particular DNA sequence, one needs to know the meaning of DNA replication, DNA transcription, and DNA translation. DNA replication is defined as the synthesis of daughter DNA from the parental DNA. DNA transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using the DNA template. DNA translation is the process of

can be explained as a process where DNA is exchanged or copied between two chromosomes or different regions of the same chromosome. The process requires homology between the exchanging DNA regions. Homologous recombination repairs DNA breaks, especially double stranded breaks (DSBs), stabilizes and repairs stalled forks. HR consists of a series of inter related pathways that function in repair of DNA breaks (Figure 4). Initially, stretches of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) are resected at the stalled

Telomere and telomerase: A telomere is a repeating DNA sequence (for example, TTAGGG) at the end of the body's chromosomes. The telomere can reach a length of 15,000 base pairs. Telomeres function by preventing chromosomes from losing base pair sequences at their ends. They also stop chromosomes from fusing to each other. However, each time a cell divides, some of the telomere is lost (usually 25-200 base pairs per division). When the telomere becomes too short, the chromosome reaches a "critical

The process of a normal human cell replication is characterised by shorting their genetic material every time cell goes under division, as a result the cell daughter will obtain shorter DNA. After a while the cell will stop to divide reaching their limited of replication, which is called hayflick and under normal mechanism apoptosis occurs. However if the cell goes under certain epigenetic or genetic alteration, cell would continue their reproduction, as a result of overcomes the senescence (M1)

Ever since the finding of deoxyribonucleic acid or better known as DNA, we frequently ponder about how DNA is replicated in such a way that it can still retain possession of our identity together with our characteristics. After studying DNA in addition to transcription and translation which are the procedures of DNA replication; we can eventually put our minds at rest. These two steps can dictate our characteristics plus our personalities. Deoxyribonucleic acid is joined together through cytosine

division and reproduction, while cancer is known to be a process of uncontrollable cell division. During mitosis, before progression through the next stage of the cell cycle, cells need to safely pass checkpoints to ensure that the DNA is ready for replication. If the DNA is damaged, apoptosis will occur and the cells will kill themselves off. Unfortunately for cancer these cells do not die off, and they bypass all of the checkpoints. They ignore the inhibitory signals from nearby cells that tell them

“Watching DNA polymerase n make a phosphodiester bond” (Nakamura, et al.) very interesting. Their research into the different transition states of DNA replication really gave me a chance to think about more than just the “big picture” points in DNA synthesis and look closer at the details. The goal of the research was to visualize the chemical reaction of DNA synthesis. The researchers used x-ray crystallography to follow the bond formation and structural changes associated with DNA replication reactions

initiates the DNA process by unwinding the double helix. If it was missing, the DNA would not be able to replicate as the helix structure would not open. The next step of DNA Replication is the binding of RNA primase in the the initiation point of the 3'-5' parent chain. RNA primase can attract RNA nucleotides which bind to the DNA nucleotides of the 3'-5' strand due to the hydrogen bonds between the bases and also provide a starting point for DNA polymerases to extend from. Without it, the DNA nucleotides

technique used in molecular biology to amplify a specific DNA sequence.It can be used very quickly and efficiently to produce millions or billions of copies of single DNA sequence. Polymerase chain reaction or PCR uses repeated cycles of heating and cooling to make the copies of specific DNA. High temperature is necessary to break weak hydrogen bond that binds the two stands of DNA together and as a result multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence can be obtained. In order to carry out PCR successful

Telomeres and Enzyme Telomerase: The affects telomeres and telomerase have on aging and dying Telomeres have a significant role in how our cells age. It is said that telomeres are for example “Caps at the end of each strand of DNA that protects our Chromosomes like Plastic tips at the end of shoelaces”. Along with telomeres affecting the aging of cells, aging itself is connected to the gradual declination in the staging and stored capacity of the organ system. Below is an explanation of how degradation

In this three-week long experiment conducted in the Bio 13 Lab, we were able to analyze a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in our own genomic DNA and then determine our genotype at this specific SNP. In week one, we extracted genomic DNA from our cheek cells with swabs and prepared our DNA for PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) that would amplify the region with the intended SNP of interest. After one week and after the PCR was run outside of the lab section, the resulting PCR product was purified

involve a covalent linkage between DNA and a protein. Answers: One method is called Strand Exchange mechanism where one of the single-strand 3ʹ ends from the damaged DNA molecule emerges its way into the template duplex and searches it for homologous sequences through base-pairing. Once the base pairing is established, DNA polymerase extends the invading strand by using the information provided by the undamaged template molecule, thus restoring the damaged DNA. This mechanism is achieved by interaction

Sanger PCR because normal PCR is a procedure that involves DNA template to be amplified by PCR. The difference is the amplification in sequencing. Normal PCR is making copies in a specific region of DNA. The copies is exponential. It copies the template DNA by each cycle. Thus, it is a new strand DNA copied per cycle. Also, it uses reverse and forward primers to copy the template DNA. As the forward copy increases the complimentary region of the DNA while the reverse is trying to lengthen the duplication

small section of DNA or genes, PCR uses primers to amplify specific genomic DNA sequences with the help of special enzymes, PCR process uses short sequences of DNA and primers and selects specific chromosomes of DNA for replication. (McPherson and Møller, 2009) In addition, there are three main steps involve PCR process, first step of PCR is denaturing when DNA is heated to 90-95 degrees Celsius and double DNA strand is separated in to two single strands DNA, these single strand DNA will act as a template

Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) Principle: PCR is a process which involves taking a DNA template and amplifying distinct regions of it in vitro. To conduct PCR you need the DNA sample, DNA primers( two because one is forward and one is a reverse primer), Deoxynucleoside triphosphate bases(dNTP), DNA (Taq) polymerase, a buffer and some cations (mg2+). The reaction is carried out in a thermal cycler which fluctuates the temperature to allow progression of the amplification. Procedure: Initially the