helping to the bone strength (as shown in Figure 2 below) which is affected due to woman's body produces less estrogen during and after menopause. Another benefit of long-term HRT is to decrease risk of cardiovascular diseases; this is argued by Swartz (1992) who states that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) reduced by 50% the incidents of cardiovascular disease. As shown in Figure 3 below, estrogen reduces the plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase the plasma levels of high-density

cancer that begins in the ovaries. Women have two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries each about the size of an almond produce eggs (ova) as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone.The ovaries are two female reproductive glands that produce ova, or eggs. They also produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Cancer starts when abnormal cells in the ovary begin to multiply out of control and form a tumor. The tumor can then spread to other parts of the body.The 2 tests

women may also become angry and intolerant, often lashing out against their husbands. With this, “marital resentments and conflicts may come to the fore and… the couple may turn to divorce” [cite all of this]. However, “the administration of external estrogen can have a calming effect and produce a feeling of normal well-being” [cite]. So, as implied by Vogue, if women take the pill, their mood will be balanced out and their marriage will be salvaged. Again, rather than mentioning that the pill can allow

be genes that are altered at any point in time throughout life. The most common genetic factors of breast cancer are acquired throughout life, not inherited from birth. Hormonal factors related to breast cancer are estrogen, progesterone, and other reproductive hormones. Estrogen and progesterone are stimulating hormones that are essential to the development of the breasts, but are unfortunately risk factors of the development of breast cancer. The risk for breast cancer increases for women who

Gender Inequality and the Marxian Theories It is difficult to omit the issue of gender inequalities as well as comparative studies when studying issues dealing with women in SSA. Studies argue that gender inequality spread widely in societies for many years, although scarcely generalized, almost all cultures have to some extent experienced control by men (Goldberg, 1993; Rosaldo & Lamphere, 1974; Sanderson, Heckert & Dubrow, 2005). The only variation is the degree of which gender inequality exercised

is typically 45-50 years of age and menstruation ceases or stops. (Source A) The process is gradual and there are three steps or phases of menopause. Firstly, there is the perimenopause, this is the 3 to 5-year period before menopause when your estrogen and hormone levels begin to drop. During this time, you will start to experience the early symptoms of menopause which are o Hot flashes o Sleep disturbances-insomnia o Night sweats o Elevated heart rate o Mood changes—irritability, depression,

tough, elastic fibers and materials and it is a living tissue that makes up and resorbs bone. Osteoblasts are the cells that make the matrix of the bone while osteoclasts are cells that resorb bone. Both are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), estrogen, vitamin D, calcitonin and other factors. The bones are in constant state of renewal and younger person ideally in the adolescence makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone thus the

Human papilloma virus is a small DNA tumor virus with more than 150 types, each designated by a number****. First recognized and studied in rabbits (Shope papilloma virus) by US researcher, Richard Shope in 1933, strains in sexually active humans, leading to more research on the virus and its implications****. Currently, HPV is one of the most common newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the US, with more than 14 million new cases discovered every year worldwide***. HPV spreads through

Degenerative Disk Disease It 's estimated that as many as 75% of us will have some form of back or neck pain at some point in our lifetime. The good news is that most of us will recover without the need for surgery—and conservative care such as physical therapy usually gets better results than surgery. Degenerative disk disease (DDD) is one cause of back and neck pain. Usually the result of the natural aging process, degenerative disk disease (DDD) is a type of osteoarthritis of the spine. Your

Abstract This report discusses the statement: Adulthood is probably the most balanced and free of changes stage of human development. To evaluate change in adulthood I will look at how Erikson and Levinson’s theories explore psychosocial changes in adulthood, how social and emotional development proceeds in adults and the physical changes which occur as we age. It is concluded that adulthood is a period of frequent profound change and is not the most balanced and free of change in human development

Babies are getting killed before they are born every year; having no chance at life. Some women choose whether they will save the fetus or abort it. We are led to believe that because of the circumstances in life, abortion is the new way out. There are many difficulties for a mother to raise a child in today’s world, single mothers and couples alike. One of the biggest reasons that a single mother or a couple would abort a child is that they are a big finical cost to them. “According to

Stimulation Acupuncture points can be stimulated by various methods, including invasive and non-invasive stimulation. The Sea Band ® (Sea-Band Ltd., Leicestershire, England) is one of the most common forms of P6 stimulation because it is noninvasive and easy to apply. The band includes a plastic button or beads that can be placed on the P6 to apply pressure which is then defined as acupressure. Acupressure can also be used by pressing acupuncture points with one´s fingers. In recent studies, Relief-

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Female Reproductive Organ Mattison (2012) stated in his Introduction to Male and Female Reproductive Function the structure of the female reproductive system as follows: “the female reproductive system is controlled by components of the central nervous system, including the hypothalamus and pituitary. It consists of the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina”. The main focus of this study is the vagina. The vagina, defined by Hoffman

INTRODUCTION Fracture is defined as discontinuation of bone meaning the two bones is separated. The range of broken bones can be from a thin crack to a complete break. A crack (not only a break) in the bones is also known as fracture. It can be fracture of crosswise, lengthwise, in several places or into many pieces. Typically, it happens when the bone was subjected to impact of more force or pressure than it can withstand. Commonly, broken bone can happen in childhood and mature and late adulthood

Breast cancer was not always something that could be freely talked about nor was it always a major illness that was endlessly researched on. In Maren Klawiter’s, “Racing for care, walking women, and toxic touring: Mapping cultures of action within the Bay area Terrain of breast cancer,” she analyzes the deep rooted culture of social movements and compares the differences of individual cancer activism fields in the San Francisco Bay area (Klawiter p.2). She write a comparative analysis by examining

Throughout my life adversity has always been present. Within my family alone I have struggled a lot with different health issues that have been affecting me since day one. Although some people may think of this as a negative thing in my life, I believe it to be positive because of the way that it has brought my family closer together. Since I was born all I have ever known was blood tester strips hiding in every spot in our house and car, the smell of insulin, and the familiar clunking of a dialysis

testes, ovaries and adrenal glands. An example of one is estrogen. Estrogen refers to a group of various hormones, including estradiol, estriol and estrone, of which their main role is of as a sexual and reproductive maturation hormone in females. Estrogen binds to the estrogen receptor to activate it. Like there are many hormones in the estrogen family, there are two types of nuclear estrogen receptors, estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β

lowest point during this phase.The hypothalamus begins to produce GnRF because of the low levels of estrogen and progesterone in the blood. ovarian follicles enlarge during the first week of each menstrual cycle. They produce estrogen and begin

Clomiphene citrate is revolutionary drug for infertility as it is easily available and cheaper amongst the other drugs for infertility. In easy terms Clomid is a first-line fertility treatment that blocks estrogen receptors and tricks a woman’s body into thinking it is low in estrogen. This trick stimulates the production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), both of which are needed to induce

Vaginal dryness is known to affect many women although they don’t bring up the topic to the doctors. The walls of vagina stay lubricated due to a thin layer of clear fluid. Estrogen hormone maintains and keeps the lining of the vagina elastic, healthy and thick. During menopause, drops of Estrogen levels reduces the moisture that is available and make the vagina less elastic and thinner which is normally referred to as vaginal atrophy.Estrogen levels can drop when breastfeeding, after treatment of