Functional groups Essays

Bassler 1. Functional groups are responsible for the specific characteristics of chemical reactions for the molecules they are attached to. Functional groups are linked to each other and the molecule by covalent bonds. A hydroxyl group is polar due to the high electronegativity of oxygen and it forms hydrogen bonds with water which helps dissolve compounds. A carboxyl group acts as an acid because of the high polarity between the covalent bond of oxygen and hydrogen. An amino group acts as a base

molecules that contain an amino group 3. amino acid- Molecules that contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. 4. amino group- When a carbon skeleton has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens. 5. anabolic steroids- Man-made versions of testosterone. 6. carbohydrate- A macromolecule that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. 7. carbon skeleton- Carbons, when bonded to each other, create the backbone of a molecule. 8. carbonyl group- When a carbon skeleton contains

The condensation product between the aromatic aldehydes and the aromatic ketones are 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones, which are commonly known as chalcones. If any other types of aldehydes and ketones are used, the product is frequently known as α,β-unsaturated ketones. Chalcones and α,β-unsaturated ketones have been captivating, the medicinal,[1] synthetic,[2] and applied chemists[3] by virtue of their structural units (Figure 1) which have been gained many access to tailor the molecule suitably for

five member ring, having nitrogen heterocyclic ring compound containing at least one other heteroatom (or non-carbon atom) of nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen and are considered to be derived from pyrrole, furan and thiophene by substitution of methane groups (―CH=) by pyridine type nitrogen (―N=) atoms from the different positions. Azole mainly consists of: (i) Oxygen is referred as oxazole (ii) Sulphur is referred as thiazole and (iii) Nitrogen is referred as pyrazole, imidazoles or imidazolines12.

Aldol condensation In the aldol condensation the α-carbon of one aldehyde or ketone molecule adds to the carbonyl carbon of another. The base is most often used is -OH. The product is a β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone, which in some cases is dehydrated during the course of the reaction. Even if the dehydration is not spontaneous, it can usually be done easily, since the new double bond will be in conjugation with the C=O bond.   Ritter Reaction Alcohols is converted by a strong acid to a carbocation

Introduction: We have seen that the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is highly immediate, and that accompaniments to this functionality are ordinary. Carbonyl functionality reactive but that it also activates to hand carbon-hydrogen bonds (particularly alpha hydrogen’s) to go through a variety of substitution reactions.1 Carbonyl compounds can be explained by just four fundamental reaction types:  Nucleophilic additions  Nucleophilic acyl substitutions  α-Substitutions

Introduction Grignard reagent is considered as an organometallic compound or it's the composition of electrophilic and nucleophilic that electrophilic is the carbon atom of organic halide which is directly attached to the halogen, it's reactivity can be switched to the nucleophilic reactivity by conversion an organomagnesium halide. It has the general formula of (RMgX) and it has a general nomenclature which it's called magnesium alkyl halide. We can get Grignard reagent by adding one of solutions

oxidant afforded isoquinolones with good substrate scope (Scheme 1.17). The reaction works well with both symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes, and in case of unsymmetrical alkynes highly regioselectivity was achieved. Following this report, the same group discovered a green protocol for the synthesis of isoquinolones from N-methoxybenzamides in water (Scheme 1.18).25 In this reaction, carboxylate salts are used as additives along with the ruthenium complex. The green protocol was viable with free hydroxamic

an aimed position in chemicals has an ability to convert into useful pharmaceuticals or functional materials due to fluorine specific potency, and is often used as one of the improvement means. Whereas compounds possessing 2-phenyl-5-methyl oxazole in a structure are known to quite a few, the papers related to 2-phenyl-5-trifluoromethyl oxazole of which substituted trifluoromethyl group instead of a methyl group as a partial structure are not so many. For instance, it has been reported that the 5-trifluoromethylated

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It is a sort of side-chain elongation where malonyl CoAs are attached to hydroxycinnamates, CO2 is liberated and acetate unit gets joined and further the output products are flavonoids. [Place Figure 17.3 here] The phenylpropanoid group is one of the most diverse group having great variations in their structure and functions. The colour producing phenylpropanoid products are flavonoids and anthocyanins produced by condensation reactions. Synthesis of flavonoids, anthocyanins and anthocynidins: Flavonoids

3.3. Synthetic methodologies for dihydropyrimidinones 3.3.1. Classical method Scheme-1: The conventional method for the synthesis of DHPMs is the one-pot three-component reaction of benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea in the presence of an acid catalyst. The product of this novel one-pot, three components synthesis that precipitated on cooling of the reaction mixture was identified as 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one and this reaction came to be known as “Biginelli reaction”, or “Biginelli condensation”

For this experiment, stereochemistry was observed by analyzing both the isomerization of dimethyl maleate and carvones. The dimethyl maleate is formed by two methyl ester groups that are connected by an alkene. They are in a cis-conformation meaning they are on the same side of the alkene, therefore the esters are close to one another. This conformation is strained and sterically hindered due to electrons repelling each other and are enantiomers of one another. With the use of radical chemistry,

(alkyl halide) with an aluminum trichloride catalyst. Figure 2 shows the reaction for this synthesis. Friedel-Crafts reactions can usually be performed by vacuum distillation/ reflux as it prevents polyalkylation or multiple substitutions of alkyl groups. Since small quantities of reagents will be used to perform this synthesis, a microscale reflux apparatus will be used. This synthesis also results in a rearrangement, causing a mixture of two products or isopropyl and n-propyl substituted aromatic

Abastract The intermolecular interactions between halo-cyclopropenone derivatives (HC3OX;X= F, Cl, Br and I) and hypohalous acids (HOY; Y=F, Cl, Br and I) were investigated using the MP2 method with aug–cc-pVTZ basis set. Three types of complexes are forming by:1) hydrogen bond, 2) both hydrogen and halogen bonds, 3) halogen bond interactions. The results indicated that interactions in type 1 complexes are stronger than those in types 2 and 3. The H–O bonds show red shifts with complex formation

INTRODUCTION: Itraconazole is a (1-(butan-2-yl)-4-{4-[4-(4-{[2R,4S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4 triazole-1- ylmethyl) 1, 3 – dioxolan – 4 -yl] methoxy}phenyl) piperazin -1-yl ] phenyl} 4, 4-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-one) is member of the drug class known as anti-fungal. It is used for the inhibition of fungal cytochrome p450 enzyme “lanosterol 4 demethylase”, used in the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, which is a main sterol in fungal cell membrane, thus inhibits

Free radicals contain an electron (e–) as in case of superoxide (•O2–) radical and the hydroxyl radical (•OH) whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a non-radical do not contains electron in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH). Radicals can react with other radicals or with non-radicals depending on availability of (e–). Initiation of free radical chain reaction occurs if polyunsaturated fatty acid is attacked by free radicals. This phenomenon occurs due to abundant molecular

characterized by a six-membered ring structure composed of five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The simplest member of the pyridine family is pyridine itself, a compound with molecular formula C5H5N It is structurally related tobenzene, with one methine group (=CH−) replaced by a nitrogen atom. The pyridine ring occurs in many important compounds, including azines and the vitamins niacin and pyridoxal. Pyridine is used as a solvent and is added to ethyl alcohol to make it unfit for drinking. It is converted

products creates a cyclic product. The conjugated diene (called diene) was anthracene (consisted of 2 double bonds) and the dienopile was maleic anhydride (consisted of 1 double bond). The reaction occured between the alkene group of maleic anhydride and the alkene group of anthracene. The reaction is: Source: Melvil, 2014. The solvent used was xylene (dimethyl benzene) and the reactants were boiled in it. Since the boiling point for xylene is high, it assisted in the reaction proceeding

reaction with methyl vinyl ketone (Equ 19). After Michael addition, N-(3ꞌ-oxobutyl)-N-methylimidazolium (R)-camphorsulfonate was obtained. Using heterogeneous catalyst Ru/C in the hydrogenation reaction of this imidazolium cation functionalized carbonyl group to produce corresponding asymmetric alcohol gave moderate yield and enantioselectivity 80% ee was