Geometrical optics Essays

The Keplerian Telescope: image source The Keplerian telescope has two lenses, both the objective and eyepiece lenses are convex (converging). When light parallel to the principal axis passes through the objective lens, the rays refract and converge until they hit the focal point. After they pass the focal point, the rays start to diverge. The rays are then intercepted by the eyepiece lens where the light refracts as it passes through the lens and causes the light rays to become parallel again as

Refraction: Refraction occurs when light enters a more or less optically dense medium, which therefore has a different refractive index (measure of the velocity light can travel at in the medium compared to in a vacuum in which it can travel at 2.9 x 108ms-1). This causes the light’s speed to increase or decrease, which results in the rays bending towards or away from the normal, so the position of the image formed is dependent on the refractive indices of the two media. For refraction to occur

Fundus Camera Reticle Setup (Mydriatic) An often overlooked and critical step in obtaining sharp images is to set your reticle. The reticle is the adjustable viewfinder crosshairs and is unique to each operator’s eye visual acuity. To adjust, place a white piece of paper in front of the camera (alternatively, you can use the camera lens cap on), raise the illumination light to highest and while looking through the viewfinder, turn the eyepiece clockwise and counter-clockwise until crosshairs are

Photography’s “mysterious” beginnings and growth due to social desires were the first instances in which it could be seen that the way people say the world around them would completely change. The human desire to continue to find a better type of production lead to the ability to mass produce images and therefore allowed for information to be spread nationally as well as international. Photography allowed people to see places they had never seen, they were able to help support scientific discoveries

"Taking pictures has become a big part of my life. It is more than a job to me. I find it so crazy because it seems like taking pictures has actually saved me from doing a lot of things that I feared would harm me. With all that I have been through, some of the pictures I have taken have been keeping me sane....they're like memories stuffed in a flat rectangle. I love what I do!” Raetilliah Hayes once stated (Hayes). What is a photographer? A photographer is someone who takes pictures, typically

How can different light sources affect the observations you can make? Different light sources show totally different forms of visible light. From the camera obscura, we could see fuzzy images with single black colors. If the sunlight were not bright enough, the image would be fuzzier. From the prism, we could see refracted spectrum of colors with clearly different wavelengths. From the spectroscope, we could the see different clearer clusters of spectra from various sources of light and elements

Microscope Type Electron (Transmission Electron Microscope AKA TEM) Light (Optical Microscope) Cell Components Seen Organelles, through to the point of being able to observe inside the nucleus Smallest observable organelle, ribosome. Cell structure Smallest visible Organelle, mitochondrion. Specimen Preparation Specimen is stained with materials such as lead, osmium and uranium salts. The salts are then absorbed by the organelles and cell membrane, but not the cytoplasm. This means that the electrons

BS1003 – Organic Chemistry Practical 1 Laboratory Report Name: Tristan Chan Yew Kit, U1640436J (T8) Effects of Dichloromethane(DCM) in Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Purpose To investigate the ability for Dichloromethane(DCM), a moderately polar organic solvent, to extract aqueous caffeine molecules, originating from Tea Leaves suspended in water. Introduction Caffeine, defined chemically as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (C8H10N4O2), is an alkaloid that can be found in tea leaves, coffee and many

In the image above, we are able to see that the artist has used several different depth cues to create an illusion of depth to those who view it. The depth cues that the artist of this picture has utilized are relative size, occlusion, and texture gradient, which all happen to be specifically monocular depth cues, otherwise known as depth cues that only require one eye to be seen. The monocular depth cue of relative size is used in this image in several areas, both with the people in the image

20th Century At the turn of the 19th/20th centuries Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization while Robert Koch discovered his famous or infamous postulates: the anthrax bacillus, the tuberculosis bacillus and the cholera vibrio. Phase Contrast MicroscopeUV and Phase: By 1900, the theoretic limit of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 angstroms) had been reached. In 1904, Zeiss overcame this limitation with the introduction the first commercial UV microscope with resolution twice that of

Lastly, the perfect alignment of the building to the street may not create the dramatic anticipation at the Trevi fountain, but the vertical view on the streets are undisturbed. For example, when someone stands at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and East 58th Street, looking towards the downtown direction, his vision of the sky is not fully covered by the tall skyscrapers on both sides. The pointy gap between the skyscrapers is rendered with the sky. Another example would be the Manhattanhenge(fig

Introduction Draft - Brandon King Before the microscopes cells were thought to be pure gibberish, they weren’t considered a plausible theory for how things were created. It was thought right up until the invention of the microscope in 1590 that things just appeared or were put onto the earth by God. It wasn’t even a possibility for things to be made up of miniscule organisms that have their own little body. After the invention of the microscope the whole world was torn apart and so many people's

The Refraction of Light Waves: The bending of light is known as Refraction. When light travels from a optical less dense media such as air into a dense media such as glass,light will refract/bend towards the normal line and the speed and wavelength of the light will decrease. When light travels from a optical dense media into a less optically dense media, light will refract/bend away from the normal as it exits the dense medium.The speed and wavelength of the light will increase. When closely observed

Colorimetric method –instrument and application Introduction: - Colorimeter is device which is used to measure transmittance and absorbance of light passing through a liquid sample. It is a light sensitive device. Principle: - Colorimeter works on the principle of Beer-Lambert’s Law. Beer-Lambert’s Law states that when visible light from a natural or artificial source falls on a colored homogenous medium contained in a glass container, the color of the medium is the complementary color of the light

What are the benefits of a wide angle and why choose one? What situations can they use? Begin because I will answer all these questions for you. A wide-angle lens as its name suggests is just a lens that can capture a wider area than a standard zoom lens, and this gives us great advantages when you take these an image of something or a scene that does not can simply not be pressed into a normal image with a standard lens. One of the main advantages of a wide-angle lens is that you can achieve as

Biology 15 Lab # 3 Professor Passerini September 23, 2015 Scot Albert Lab #3 Questions 1, 2a, 3, 4, 5, 6a, 7, and 8 Table 3.1 - all columns except the last one. -------------------------------------------------- 1- a-Upside down and backwards b- If you move it right, the image moves left If you move it left, the image moves right c-It seems to become more dim. (At least to my eyes.) -------------------------------------------------- 2a- 400x larger than life --------------------------------------------------

A racemic mixture is a mix of equal numbers of enantiomeric molecules. Each enantiomer rotates plane-polarized light in an equal but opposite direction and is optically inactive because they are mirror images. when an optically active compound is synthesized, the product formed is found to be an optically inactive racemic mixture containing equal amounts of both l and d forms. The process where enantiomers are separated into l and d forms is referred to as “resolution”. the mixture is then said to

the jaws is gained only in the anterior of the midline, the use of this technique for the calculation of horizontal dimension of alveolar process is applicable to this area only. [49,52] 2.4.5 Panoramic Radiography: The resolution of and the shape of the panoramic radiographs is less than that of an intraoral film but it provides a broader visualization of the two jaws and the anatomical structures nearby. The panoramic imaging technique is distinct because of the magnification in vertical plane

Linear perspective is an illusion given by two parallel lines to represent depth and perception. The further the two parallel lines are the closer they look. For example, when you are walking down a long hallway, the further you look the closer the parallel lines appear to be. It may even look as though they are touching. In The Music Lesson, linear perspective appears by the edge of the wall (left hand) where the two parallel lines seem closer because of the distance, the floor tiles, the square

1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROSCOPY A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are very small for the naked eye. The science of examining small objects using such a tool is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye except aided by a microscope. 2. HISTORY FIRST Zacharias Jansen (1580–1638) invented a compound light microscope and after that Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1632–1723 invented a simple (one-lens) microscope that earned a lot of importance worldwide. Robert Hooke in