Ion channel Essays

2013M007 1. Define ion channels. Ion channels are proteins present on the cell membrane. They are pore forming and they facilitate the movement of selective or non-selective ions across the cell membrane. 2. Classify ion channels. TYPE DESCRIPTION Voltage gated ion channels They can be opened or closed according to the changes in the membrane potential. Ex: Activation gate of Na+ channel is opened during the upstroke of action potential in depolarization. Ligand gated ion channels They can be opened

PERMEATION MACHINERY OF GATED ION CHANNELS Introduction: Permeation means to pass through a pore, channel or a tube like structure and permeation machinery, a term attributed to overall structure of apparatus that is responsible for ion movement across plasma membrane. This apparatus involves channels that are commonly known as ion channels. Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins whose functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical

Energy was used to set up the ion gradient and that is why there are more sodium ions outside the membrane than the inside. The sodium ions are transported forcefully outside the cell membrane and the potassium ions are transported forcefully inside the cell membrane. The energy that is used for this is in the form of ATP which is broken down into ADP + P2. This is known as a sodium potassium pump. This process is called an active transport which means that it uses energy by breaking down a molecule

Tetrahedral distortion is defined as the change in both the distance of bond and angle of bond are present. The degree of distortion with respect to the beta phase can be related to the tetrahedral tilt angle and the intertetrahedral bridging angle. While for tetrahedral tilting, there is only change in the angle of the bond and no change in bond distance. When there is an increase in temperature, the Fe-O-P bridging angles increases and the tetrahedral tilt angles decreases. As the temperature increases

Mariel Beauroyre 9-B A chemical bond is form with the joining of two or more atoms (when two atoms are joined they form molecules and compounds.) Which are being held together by the attraction (force attraction) of atoms through sharing as well as exchanging electrons. Chemical bonds are found in molecules, crystals, or in solid metals. They also organized the atoms in order structures. But why are they important you may ask? They’re important because every material or substance in the world

Due to water’s polar structure, ions in some compounds attract and form bonds with water molecules, forming hydrates. A hydrate is a salt that has water molecules trapped within its crystals. Every hydrate has a certain number of water molecules weakly bonded to the salt as follows: salt • number of water molecules Anhydrous salts are salts that can form hydrates but which have had all the water driven off, usually by heat. By heating the Copper (II) sulphate hydrate until its color changes from

Calcium chloride is commonly used as the main ingredient in road dust control products because it has the ability to hold on to moisture for a longer period of time. Therefore, this keeps the dust from becoming airborne. Since the dust remains settled on the ground this creates a smooth surface that is easy to drive on. One of the reasons why calcium chloride is so effective is due to how it is handled prior to use. If the chemical substance is stored incorrectly this can ruin your roads and create

The purpose of this lab was to be able to use physical characteristics to determine the identity of an unknown compound. The data from this experiment classified aluminum as metallic; ascorbic acid, paraffin, palmitic acid, sucrose, graphite, and water as molecular; sodium chloride as ionic. In order to determine this, 3 tests were conducted. The first test was to test the conductivity of each substance at room temperature. In this test, only graphite and aluminum conducted. This shows that these

First, two grams on an unknown white compound were given. The possible compounds the known could be were CaCO3, KNO3, NH4Cl, CaCl2, K2SO4, (NH4)2SO2, Ca(NO3)2, NaC2H2O2, K2CO3, MgCl2, Na2CO3, 0.1 M AgNO3, MgSO4, NaCl, 0.2 M BaCl2, KCl, NaSO4, Mg(s), HCl, HNO3, NaOH, HC2H3O2, H2SO4, and KOH. The solubility test required using a scale to measure .575 of our unknown white compound. The unknown compound was measured in a 100 mL beaker. Next, a 100 mL graduated cylinder was used to measure 60 mL of distilled

NaCl is sodium chloride,and SCl_2 is a compound known as sulfur dichloride. The compound NaCl or sodium chloride is or would be classified as an ionic bond. Then the compound known as SCl_2 or Sodium dichloride would be classified as yet again another Ionic bond. The two types of covalent bonds are regular covalent bonds which the elements atom is partially full but not all the way to the point were you can share electrons. Carbon forms covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are strong due to the hybrid

consistent orange flame. Potassium omitted purple light, magnesium showed no change in color, and calcium produced a red light. When heated, due to the excited movement of the electrons specifically in the metal ions within the compound, flame colors are produced (2). The structure of a sodium ion in its ground state is 1s22s22p6 (6). When heat is applied, its electrons then gain energy giving them the ability to jump into empty orbitals at high levels (2). Once the electrons reach a higher level however

KCL is an ionic bond. This is because potassium (K) has a charge of +1 and chorine having a charge of -1. K gives one electron to chlorine, this makes it so both of them have a full valence shell. GeCl4 is a covalent bond, due to it being hard to separate its 4 valence electrons so Germanium shares its 4 valance electrons to Chlorine therefore making 5 full outer valence shells. BrCl is a covalent bond. Chlorine has a high electronegativity then bromine, and is a dipole-dipole which indicates to

Xenon is element number 54 and it has an atomic mass of 131.29. There are 77 neutrons and 54 protons in Xenon nucleus. The element symbol for Xenon is Ce and Xenon is part of the Noble Gas Family. The founders of Xenon are Sir William Ramsey and Morris M. Travers from London. The Chemists found Xenon in 1898 on The University of London. Finally, both of the British Chemists found other elements part of the Noble Gas Family. “The British Chemists used a powerful machine that cooled and

Answer # 1: Ionic Bonds: A molecule or an atom that losses or gains electrons are called ions. Atoms from cations, when they lose electrons or anions when they gain electrons. Ionic bond is basically a strong bond formed when oppositely charged ions are attracting to each other. Ionic bonds are non-directional bonds might be attracted to one another in any direction. For example: Sodium atomic radius = 0.192 nm Chlorine atomic radius = 0.099 nm Sodium ionic radius = 0.095 nm Chlorine

OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment was to analyze and determine the unknown concentration of a protein solution by utilizing two different colorimetric techniques; Biuret and Lowry. The Biuret method was used with unknown #2 and the Lowery method was used for unknown #1. After the concentration of each unknown was analyzed (by Biuret or Lowry method), the alternate objective was to compare the results achieved by each method and to determine if the results from the approaches were consistent

1.Chemical properties Elemental mercury (Hg) has an atomic weight of 200.59 u, oxidation states 0, +1 and +2. Is a liquid and volatile metal soluble in water to some extents? In the oxidation states +1 and +2 is able to form organic compounds of type RHgX and R2Hg where R can be alkyl- or Aryl groups. The RHgX compounds properties depend on the nature of the X rest; If the organic compound contents hologenides the result is a highly lipophilic compound whereas If the rest is oxygen anion, chemically

molecule of C02 and the remaining two carbons are used to become the acetyl group in the Acetyl-CoA. Therefore pyruvate C3 is converted to acetate c2. In this reaction Coenzyme A is needed. NADH is also created in this reaction. The NADH gives a hydride ion to the respiratory chain.

In ionic bonding, once the bond has occurred the atoms become stable and they become ions. Ionic bonds in nature are quite strong. Therefore the ionic compounds have high melting points and can be either very hard or brittle. The materials are good insulators, for both electricity and thermal conditions. These characteristics would be seen

Purpose The purpose of this project is to test common sports drinks for their electrolyte content and compare the results to the electrolyte content in common fruit juices. Hypothesis If fruit juices were to be compared to sports drinks for electrolyte content, then orange juice would contain the most electrolytes. Materials orange juice sports drink (Gatorade, PowerAde, Generic sports drink) Bare copper wire, 24 gauge wire cutters ruler 1 in. plastic tube 9-v battery 6 in. Wire with alligator

as reinforced as an ionic compound, thus it takes less energy to separate. In addition, unknown B has a very low solubility and conductivity, this is due to the atoms sharing electrons, therefore they cannot have the ability to separate and form an ion. However, it should be noted that covalent compounds should most definitely not be conductive or soluble, but the results have shown otherwise, thus it should be concluded that there may have been contamination between the scoopula’s used. Conclusion