Ligand Essays

Have you ever wondered what living objects were made up off? How food is digested? No not by cells, but those catalysts that break down substances. They are called enzymes. Enzymes are biological molecules, proteins, which act as catalysts and help complicated reactions occur everywhere in life. Enzymes are very precise catalysts that usually work to complete one assignment. Example being; an enzyme that helps digest proteins will not be useful to break down carbohydrates. Also, you will not find

Introduction: For my final lab, I was given the task of producing the coordination complex Tris(Oxalato)Ferrate(III) Trihydrate using the following equation: FeCl3+3K2C2O4H2OK3Fe(C2O4)33H2O(g) +3KCl(aq) As a result, 4.105g of green crystal complex was produced and analyzed based on percent composition. To complete this analysis, four other experiments using titration, visible spectroscopy, ion sensitive electrodes, and dehydration and were used to determine the composition of oxalate, iron, potassium

Q1. explain briefly the difference between a) an agonist and antagonist –give 2 examples of each When the action of the drug is to activate or switch on a reaction, the drug is called an agonist. On the other hand, if the drug switches off the reaction, or inhibits or blocks the binding of other agonist components onto the receptor, it is called an antagonist. Hence, agonist and antagonist act in opposite direction, if agonist activate an action, antagonist inhibit an action(New Health Guide, 2014)

center surrounded by the various ligands of the enzyme. Julia tried to create ligands in the lab that can do the same thing as the ligands found in one’s cells. She looked at different diamine ligands and trying to make them with butane diones and different anilines. She reacted her ligands with iron (II) chloride and found that her ligands immediately turned brown when exposed to the air because they were air sensitive.

Nuclear receptors are a class of receptors that have the ability to bind ligands, steroid and thyroid hormones, in order to mediate the expression of specific genes in a cell***. There are two types of nuclear receptors in the family, type one and type two. Type one receptors require a ligand to be bound to the receptor so activation can be initiated** by a conformational change of the ligand, travel to the nucleus and associate to inverted repeat hormone response elements in DNA. Type two receptors

various other atoms or small molecules called ligands. It is important to recognize the nature of the ligand – the availability for coordination sites or ligating and the conditions under which these are available for coordination. Complexes can be positively charged, neutral or negatively charged. The overall charge on the complex is depends on the oxidation state of the metal

be life-threatening in some cases. However, new type of ligands (termed allоsteric modulators) have been studied. They activate a particular receptor by binding to sites that are topographically distinct from the оrthоsteric binding site – the site where endogenous ligands bind to (Hislop, 2015). These are called allоsteric sites. The allоsteric modulators bind to the allоsteric site and thus, are not directly competing with the other ligands for the receptor but in the same time are influencing their

The effect is produced as the ligand binds to the receptor. Therefore, the more ligand you have, the more receptors you are able to stimulate/inhibit.  As concentration of the drug increases, its effect will also increase5. However, once all carrier sites become occupied, further increases in drug concentration will

Q1. Repeat the candy experiment again, now with different type of candy 1. Smooth unwrapped candies of white and black color 2. wrapped with wrinkly plastic candies of white and black color After shaking in both the experiments how will the results differ in wrapped and unwrapped candies? If you repeat the candy experiment using smooth unwrapped candies of white and black color, you may find that the smooth candies mix together more easily than the wrapped candies. This is because the smooth candies

kappa-opioid receptors (KORs). However, unlike galanin receptors, opioid receptors can be activated by exogenous opiate drugs, which means that overdose can be possible because it is not reliant on an endogenous ligand. For example, the MOR agonist morphine can bind which means that a ligand can be introduced and not well regulated by the body, leading to overdose (11). Research has found that enkephalins are scattered in GABAergic interneurons, with MORs and DORs inhibit granule cells because they

The condensation product between the aromatic aldehydes and the aromatic ketones are 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones, which are commonly known as chalcones. If any other types of aldehydes and ketones are used, the product is frequently known as α,β-unsaturated ketones. Chalcones and α,β-unsaturated ketones have been captivating, the medicinal,[1] synthetic,[2] and applied chemists[3] by virtue of their structural units (Figure 1) which have been gained many access to tailor the molecule suitably for

chiral ligands such as atropoisomeric binaphthyls and biphenyls. In 2007, Francio and group88 reported asymmetric hydrogenation reaction catalyzed by tropoiosmeric ligand based rhodium complex in presence of amino acid based CIL 71 as a chiral solvent. In this reaction the chirality of hydrogenated product arises from CILs and enantioselectivities up to 69% ee were observed (Equ 20). In 2008, the same group89 reported hydrogenation reaction using transition metal complex with racemic ligands instead

pinnocytosis and phagocytosis (Liang et al., 2010). With respect to receptor-mediated endocytosis, a specific receptor on the cell surface binds to the extracellular molecule (Ligand). The area which contains the receptor- ligand complex goes through endocytosis by becoming a vesicle. Among common ligands which most vertebrates

The most significant functions are response to stimuli, to control specialised cell functions and during development. There are many ways a cell can signal another for example via the use of hormones or neurotransmitters all called collectively as ligands. Signals may even be transported via gap junctions. Cell signalling has important roles in all cells and organisms. Cell signalling and how it works. The basics of cell signalling involve Source, Signal and a Receiver. The source

What is a Scatchard plot? The Scatchard plot is a graph which is used from an equation used to measure the affinity of a receptor for a ligand. [http://what-when-how.com/molecular-biology/scatchard-plot-molecular-biology/] The Scatchard plot is a graph of the binding of a ligand in ratio to the nonbinding of the same ligand versus the concentration of the ligand that was bound. [Voet, Donald; (1995). Biochemistry, 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-39223-5]. 8. What does "Good Laboratory

toxicity. a drawback would be that it is administered intravenously and acts on the same tumour range as cisplatin.[11] It has lessened side effects could be due to the bidentate carboxylate in place of the two chloride ions. The bidentate carboxylate ligand undergoes hydrolysis much slower than the chlorides, it undergoes a double hydration prior to interaction with DNA[12] This would result in a slower reactivity towards the molecules that are contesting with the final biological target

Acetone may melt the ice cube quickly because it is commonly used as a solvent. A solvent is a substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances. Acetone is also commonly used as an antiseptic, and is toxic in large quantities. Acetone naturally occurs in plants, and has a chemical formula of C3H6O. Acetone has many other names, such as 2-propanone, propanone, Dimethyl ketone, methyl ketone and, dimethyl formaldehyde and can also be found in vehicle exhaust. Acetone is a clear, flammable

Synthesis, molecular modeling and bio-evaluation of cycloalkyl fused 2-aminopyrimidines as antitubercular & antidiabetic agents 1. Introduction: o The target name and type: The target in this paper is the mycobacterial di-hydro folate reductase, alpha-glocosidase and glycogen phosphorylase The type of the targets is enzymes. o Diseases that associated with the target: The diseases that associated with the target are diabetes and tuberculosis. o Biological activity of the compounds: Minimum inhibitory

Cancer therapy is always a focal point in the health care science therapy industry from ages ago. Cancer is not a single disease which can be treated by an ascertain therapy. It can be caused by multiple etiologies that leads to the abnormal growing and multiplication of certain type of tissues, and it can be any tissues in the body, which can further lead to malignant cancer and benign cancer. In the history of cancer therapy, the methods practiced are usually chemotherapy, radiation therapy and

demonstrated bactericidal and sterilizing activity against drug-resistant and non drug-resistant tuberculosis. PA-824 is activated by either a bacterial enzyme or a cofactor, which is a compound that binds to a protein. This prodrug was used as a ligand to bind with the protein PDB ID:1XXO (Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase complexed with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate). Pyridoxine 5-phosphate oxidase is the enzyme that catalyzes the rate limited step of the