Nitration Essays

The goal of this lab was to prepare methyl m-nitrobenzoate using electrophilic aromatic substitution using nitration. The reaction used methyl benzoate with the acid catalyst as sulfuric acid. The mechanism for the nitration using methyl benzoate is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1: Benzene can only undergo substitution reactions that are called electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Given that benzene rings are used commonly in the production of many organic compounds, the capability

Lab Report 10: Nitration of Bromobenzene Raekwon Filmore CM 244 Section 40 March 27, 2018 Introduction: For this experiment, nitration of bromobenzene was the focus of the lab. The benzene is an aromatic compound and when it reacts with wither a mixture of sulfuric acid or nitric acid creates what is known as a nitro group. The formation of the nitro group is possible because it is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The creation of the nitronium ion is shown below: The reaction

substitution through the nitration of methyl benzoate. Aromatic compounds can and do react with electrophiles under vigorous reaction conditions and in a presence of a catalyst. The stability of aromatic compounds is a result of resonance. Aromatic compounds only react with powerful electrophilic reagents and elevated temperatures because aromatic electrons are less reactive in addition reactions as formation of a carbocation intermediate entails loss of resonance stabilization. The nitration of methyl benzoate

The objective of this lab was to obtain a pure sample of methyl nitrobenzoate. This was done by performing a crystallization, vacuum filtration, and a recrystallization. Nitration is a commonly used reaction that involves an additional reaction that results in a resonance-stabilized intermediate that is later deprotonated to regenerate an aromatic ring. Because of methyl benzoate’s substituent, the nitro group is added in the meta position. The procedure included combining sulfuric acid, methyl benzoate

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 5. Introduction In this experiment, the directing effects of a bromo substituent was observed in the nitration by an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The nitration was done with the addition of a nitric acid and sulfuric acid solution to bromobenzene, which was an exothermic reaction. When the reaction subsided, the mixture was heated before it was poured on ice and then neutralized to a pH of 8 with sodium carbonate. Liquid-liquid extraction was

Qualitative tests and the analyses of these are done to identify the structure and reaction of each protein to a particular test. There are general and specific tests to be able to identify the different types of proteins clearly and to classify them into groups. General tests include the Biuret and Ninhydrin while for the specific types of tests, these include the Xanthoproteic, Million-Nasse, Hopkins-Cole, Sakaguchi and Lead Acetate. Biuret Test. The Biuret Test is positive for peptide bonds

In the second step is reduction of p-nitroacetanilide to p-nitroaniline . Step I: Preparation of p-nitroacetanilide from acetanilide (Nitration) Reaction: Procedure: Place 8 g acetanilide in a 250 mL round bottom flask and add to it 8 mL glacial acetic acid and 16 mL conc.H2SO4.Cool the flask in an ice bath. Meanwhile mix 4 mL each of conc.HNO3 and Conc.H2SO4 in a test tube and cool

process known as nitration. This discovery would inspire the search for similar ways to manufacture explosives. It is extremely fascinating and noteworthy to compare how similar the synthesis of TNT (trinitrotoluene) is to the way Schönbein accidently formed guncotton. If you were to start with toluene as your starting material, you can follow similar steps taken by Schönbein to synthesize TNT. Although toluene does not look anything like a cellulose, it is still possible to perform nitration on the benzene

An electrophile means an electron seeking species. Haloarenes will undergo the usual benzene ring reactions such as nitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts reactions and sulphonation. Before discussing all the electrophilic reactions, we need to understand the nature of Reaction of Haloarenes with respect to the attack of an electrophile. We know that haloarenes are electron-rich

When an aromatic compound such as phenol undergoes nitration, it does so through an Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS). Undergoing this reaction requires two steps. The first step is the addition of the electrophile, which in this lab was the Nitronium ion formed by the dilute nitric acid solution. This is the rate determining step for this reaction, as during this step aromaticity is lost and the arenium ion is formed. The position of the electrophile to be added is determined by how well

What do nitrifying bacteria do? The nitrifying bacteria turn nitrogen into usable nitrates, which the plants can take up. 2. Explain the process of ammonification. Bacteria convert nitrogen gases into ammonium, which allows nitration to turn ammonium into nitrates. Go to the web site: http://www.studystack.com/matching-1457 1. Do the nitrogen cycle quiz. Go to the web site: http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/demos/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animations/32_2_1a.html 1. Why

belonged to the methyl carbon at the end of the ether substituent. A range of four carbon peaks falling between PPMs of 120-130 represented the benzyl compound of the methyl benzoate product. In part two of the lab methyl benzoate was subjected to a nitration resulting in the formation of methyl-3-nitrobenzoate. The purpose of part two was to add a nitrogen group to methyl benzoate by means of an electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction. An EAS reaction pertains to the substitution of an aromatic

the focus of group processes, as a personality attribute, as the art of inducing compliance, as an exercise of influence, as a kind of act, as a form of persuasion, as a power relation, as an instrument in the attainment of goals, as an effect of nitration, as a differentiated role, and as the initiation of structure (20). Definition of followership. According

Nitroaromatic compounds are the major group of pollutants because they enter into environment in large quantities, are toxic and resistant to degradation and bioaccumulate. Nitroaromatics such as nitrobenzene, nitrotoluenes, nitrophenols, nitrobenzoates and nitroanilines are extensively used in industry for the manufacture of pesticides, explosives, dyes, plastics and pharmaceuticals. There are reports of widespread contamination of soil, water and atmosphere by nitroaromatic compounds. Nitrotoluenes

The Diels-Alder reaction, an electrocyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, also known as a dienophile, was used in the experiment. The purpose was to synthesize a substituted cyclohexene derivate by the reaction between the diene and dienophile, and it reacted in a reflux solution with toluene as the solvent forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. First, approximately 54 mg each of both compounds, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (TPCPD) and diphenylacetylene (DPA), were

Free radicals contain an electron (e–) as in case of superoxide (•O2–) radical and the hydroxyl radical (•OH) whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a non-radical do not contains electron in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH). Radicals can react with other radicals or with non-radicals depending on availability of (e–). Initiation of free radical chain reaction occurs if polyunsaturated fatty acid is attacked by free radicals. This phenomenon occurs due to abundant molecular

5-aminotetrazole monohydrate: In a 250 ml round-bottom flask equipped with a condenser for refluxing (90 °C) and a magnetic stirring bar, 5.00 g (5.95 mmol) dicyandiamide (three times crystallized), 7.47 g (11.9 mmol) sodium azide and 11.00 g (17.8 mmol) boric acid and 100 ml of water is added and allowed to reflux for 24 hours, after the completion of the reaction, until the solution pH to about 2 to 3 as hydrochloric acid 37% is added (about 12 ml) Then the reaction mixture was cooled in a refrigerator

Isatin The 1H-indole-2, 3-dione (Isatin), possesses an indole nucleus with two carbonyl groups; the keto and lactum group at positions C-2 and C-3. Isatin is an orange to red solid and is mostly used for synthesis of heterocyclic compounds [1]. The chemical structure of Isatin is shown in (Figure 1). Figure 1: Structure of 1H-indole-2, 3-dione (Isatin) In nature, isatin is present in plants of the genus Isatis, in Calanthe discolor lindl and in Couroupita guianensis

The purpose of this lab was to synthesize 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol from phenol, sodium nitrate, and sodium nitrite, as well as to use column chromatography to isolate the two products from one another and the byproduct 1,4-benzoquinone. The reaction was monitored by Thin Layer Chromatography to track the progress if the refluxed reaction. Column chromatography was used as a very effective technique for separation as both solids and liquids can be separated by column chromatography. The two

Rose Bengal-(bis(aminoethyl)ethylene glycol) (2) from Rose Bengal disodium salt (1) The synthesis was done following procedure from [15]. Rose Bengal Na+ salt (915 mg, 0.90 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2ml) and DIPEA (0.312 ml, 1.80 mmol), HATU (308 mg, 0.81 mmol) were added. After activation for 15 min, the mixture was added to O-Bis-(aminoethyl)ethylene glycol trityl resin (309 mg, 0.31 mmol) preswollen in DMF for 2 hours. The coupling reaction wrapped in aluminum foil was allowed to proceed overnight