Nociception Essays

Aim The purpose of this paper is to clarify and analyze the meaning of the concept of pain. The paper will clarify the defining attributes of pain and identify the antecedents that influence the perception of pain and list the consequences of pain. It will also state the empirical referents in reference to pain. Uses of the term Pain The common uses for the term Pain refer to physical, or emotional discomfort, great effort or trouble, suffering, distress, unpleasant feeling. The concept of

Pain is the signal of distress sent by the body; it is a “the feeling of suffering or agony, caused by stimulation of specialized nerve endings” (Rosdahl & Kowalski, 2008, p.704). According to the studies of the international association of the study of pain, it is possible to identify three different types of pain: acute pain, chronic pain and cancer pain (Parsons & Preece, 2010). On this point of view, spiritual beliefs often place a greater significance to help some patient accept their

The International Association for the study of pain (IASP) taxonomy defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual and potential tissue damage or described in terms such damage”. Pain is classified into two - Acute pain, which is associated with current onset in duration with active damage of tissues. Chronic pain is that has been present for longer duration of time. (Lynch, Griag, Peng 2010). Pain is an important subjective phenomenon which is recognized

Importance of Autonomy Respect for patient autonomy has been defined as the core legal and ethical principles that underpin all human interaction in health care. Each adult sane has the right to decide what to do with her own body, and he / she has the right and responsibility to make decisions health care (Walker and Blechner, 1995). The autonomous person can act, choose and to think that he / she wants (Leino-Kilpi et al., 2000). It has, however, stressed that individual has the right to control

American psychologist Harry Harlow studied His attachment theory during the 1960’s. The attachment theory was first examined in the 1950’s by John Bowlby and James Robertson. The theory of attachment initiated as Bowlby started contemplating the type of bond between a mother her and child. Harlow’s experiments on attachment query whether the provision of food or comfort is more vital in the creation of infant-mother attachment. The independent variable in these experiments was the isolation that

CONTENTS: 1. INTRODUCTION………………………….…………….……...……...………...2 2. PAIN………………………………….……………..………………..……..……..4 2.1 Anatomy and Physiology of Pain…………….……………………….……………4 2.2 Types of Pain…………………………………….…………………….…….……..5 2.3 Pathways of Pain……………………………….…………………………………..6 2.4 Acute Pain………………………………….……………………………………....7 2.5 Chronic Pain………………………………….…………………………………….7 3. PSYCHOGENIC PAIN………………………………………………….….……8 3.1 Diagnosis of Psychogenic Pain……...……………………….…………………….8 3.2 Mechanism

of it. While some believe that the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is the only place where the touch is sensed, somatosensation occurs within the body as well. Somatosensation can be broken into mechanoreception, thermosensation, and nociception - sensing contact, heat, and pain, respectively. The skin can be divided into three layers - the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis. Each is vital to the sensation of touch. The epidermis, the outer layer, acts as a

This process, called nociception, is what causes the pain to be felt. Nociceptive pain involves the normal neural processing of pain that occurs when free nerve endings are activated by tissue damage or inflammation. Nociception involves the 4 processes of transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. Transduction is the process where tissue damage releases chemical

1996). PA provides an objective assessment of nociception and also enable pain localization to the affected structures (Keating et al. 2001). (33) Mechanical hyperalgesia resulting from peripheral and/or central sensitization is detected by the reduction in tolerance of the force applied on the area around

Temporal lobe epilepsy is known to being resistant to medication, which is why current research is investigating how G- proteins can become activated by the mu opioid receptor selective peptide (DAMGO) and nociception (Temp Lobe G). Another aspect examined is the binding to mu and nociception (NOP) receptors and adenylyl cyclase (AC) in the neocortex, which is the region of the brain associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (Temp). By comparing the levels of [3H]DAMGO binding and stimulation, it was

The International Association for the Study of Pain (1994) defined pain as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.’ Historically, pain has been a major issue in all countries throughout the world. To this day it continues to place a strain on our health service. According to Bergman (2007) chronic musculoskeletal pain occurs in 35% of the population, this makes it a leading health problem. In relation

to use in critically ill patient and included the physiologic dimension of pain. The physiologic characters used in these 2 measures were increased HR and BP. Clinical studies have established that physiologic responses are valid indicators of nociception in critically ill neonates39,40 and anesthetized adult volunteers.17 In addition, stability of these autonomic responses were shown to reflect balanced anesthesia and adequacy of analgesia during intubation procedures.12 Of the 2 objective pain

acute pain generation. Acute pain starts with recognition of noxious stimuli signaling from recently damaged tissue. The sensory pathways for pain caused by tissue damage transmit information from the damaged tissue to the central nervous system (nociception). Nociceptive pain is accompanied by an inflammatory, visceral and neuropathic pain mechanism. The sensitization of peripheral and central neuronal structures amplifies the pain and sustains postoperative pain (International Association for the

patient ward. Speaking of the ideal criteria for optimal analgesia for burn dressing changes we have to ensure that there are adequately staffed and safe environment in which to care for sedated patients. The control for severe acute pain due to nociception (inflammatory response) while painful dressing change is applied (i.e. dressing removal, wound cleansing) should be alleviated by titrating analgesics agents to individual requirements. One must avoid over sedation during and following the dressing

ANIMAL SELECTION Male albino rats were purchased from authorized supplier of Jabalpur, M.P. weighing 150-200 g. The animals were allowed free access to commercial rat pallet diet (Lipton India ltd. Mumbai ,India) and water add Libitum . Rats were housed in a group of six in clean cages at 250C and 12 hours photoperiod with relative air humidity of 30 to 60% . All the experimental procedures were carried out accordance with committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments

Phantom limb syndrome is a neurological disorder that affects amputees and is characterized by phantom sensations that appear to emanate from the missing limb (Rugnetta). The phantom sensations can be painful or nonpainful in nature, so that the individual experiences pain, touch sensations, or changes in temperature (Rugnetta), despite missing the peripheral portions of the spinothalamic pathway and other pathways involved in relaying information to associated regions of the brain, and in particular

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (S)-ketoprofen co-administered with caffeine: a preclinical study in arthritic rats Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to determineing if whether caffeine modifies the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (S)-ketoprofen following oral administration in a gout-type pain model. 3.2 mg/kg of (S)-ketoprofen alone and combined with 17.8 mg/kg of caffeine were administered to Wistar rats and plasma levels were determined between 0.5-24.0 h. Additionally