Phenols Essays

agitation time and feed concentration on percentage removal of phenol batch experiments were carried out at room temperature in the range of 100 to 700 mg/l of initial feed concentration and the results are shown in Fig. 2.Experimental conditions used were agitation speed of 200rpm, biosorbent dosage 0.15 g and pH 7.From figure it is observed that with increase in agitation time from 0 to 2 days, the percentage removal increased from 8% to 98%.Phenol adsorption from bulk liquid to biosorbent is high when

The results of the phenol-sulfuric acid analysis conducted in this experiment suggest that the data acquired was relatively precise but inaccurate with respect to the given carbohydrate concentrations of the soda and Gatorade samples. Using a standard curve generated from a glucose solution with a known concentration, the carbohydrate concentration of the samples was determined (in terms of glucose) and a low coefficient of variation was calculated. However, a high percent relative error was apparent

In this experiment, we tested our hypothesis through the use of Elodea leaves and phenol red. Phenol red is an indicator that shows whether carbon dioxide is being consumed or produced. We also used 4 test tubes, phenol red, straw, pipette, aluminum foil, light, and a timer. We began this experiment by filling four beakers with phenol red. We labeled the tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4. We used a straw and blew into tubes 1 and 2 until it turned yellow, which indicates a lower pH and a higher carbon dioxide

a teaspoon of calcium chloride, put the calcium chloride in one corner of the bag. Then take about a half teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate and put it in the opposite corner of the bag. Then lay the bag flat on the table use about 5 mL of phenol red. Once the phenol red is in quickly lift your bag and put all the substances in one corner. Then observe 2.Reference procedure one for first step.Lay bag down and add about 5mL of water into the bag. Then quickly lift the bag and put substances in corner

what chemical must be present for a color change. The hypothesis that was provided to this question was If Phenol Red is add with the other chemicals then a color change will occur. Methods: To begin the lab 40 mL of Phenol red were obtained in a beaker, and 40 mL of water were obtained in a separate beaker. Next one plastic baggie was

plate; non-polar spots are higher than polar ones. After spots on the TLC form, the Rf values are calculated and used to analyze the similarity of the compounds. Results 8. The obtained product was 4-tert-butylbenzyl phenol ether. This leads the unknown compound # 51 to be tert-butyl phenol. 9. Theoretical yield = (150.22g/mol)(3.5 x 10^-3 mol of nucleophile) = 0.525 g Actual yield = 0.441 g, Percent Yield = (0.441g/0.525g) x 100% = 84% 10. Percent recovery from recrystallization = (0.172g/0.441g) x

The objective of this lab was to determine the activating strengths of the directing groups in aniline, phenol, acetanilide and anisole by using melting point to identify the products of their electrophilic aromatic bromination reactions with pyridinium tribromide in glacial acetic acid. The amount of substitution in an aromatic compound in a electrophilic aromatic bromination reaction is dependent upon the reactivity of the aromatic compound itself, which is determined by its substituents’ inductive

formula helps remove cracked and peeling skin, and allow soothing and healing dry lip, and the menthol and camphor ingredients provide cool and refreshing tingle. The natural lip balm formula based on four main raw materials, which are Salicylic Acid, Phenol, Menthol and Camphor. Regarding to those four material, they are considered as hazardous materials, which are Eco-toxicity to human and to our environment. For the acquisition of those four raw materials, the

the alcohol derivative of the substrate2, 3. A kinetic assay is performed using the substrate P-Nitro phenol-phosphate for the synthesis of its product P-Nitro phenol that is phosphate-free and highly colored. Therefore this provides the possibility of carrying a spectrophotometric enzymatic assay. When alkaline phosphatase (enzyme) acts in p-nitro phenol phosphate (substrate), it forms p-nitro phenol (product), which is a yellow solution that has a high molar absorptivity at 400 nm. The concentration

2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol from phenol, sodium nitrate, and sodium nitrite, as well as to use column chromatography to isolate the two products from one another and the byproduct 1,4-benzoquinone. The reaction was monitored by Thin Layer Chromatography to track the progress if the refluxed reaction. Column chromatography was used as a very effective technique for separation as both solids and liquids can be separated by column chromatography. The two nitro phenol products were compared using melting

When an aromatic compound such as phenol undergoes nitration, it does so through an Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS). Undergoing this reaction requires two steps. The first step is the addition of the electrophile, which in this lab was the Nitronium ion formed by the dilute nitric acid solution. This is the rate determining step for this reaction, as during this step aromaticity is lost and the arenium ion is formed. The position of the electrophile to be added is determined by how well

the benzene ring of a phenol. The process uses a base carbon dioxide and acid work-up. The original reaction done by Kolbe involved the formation of sodium phenoxide through the evaporation of a molar equivalent mixture of phenol and aqueous sodium hydroxide. The hygroscopic sodium phenoxide is then heated while carbon dioxide gas is passed over the molten salt. The mixture is then further heated to give the dianion of salicylic acid along with carbon dioxide and phenol both of which distill

unknown mixture through diverse experimental techniques such as recrystallization, extraction, melting point, and acid-base reactions. From this, the group to which these two compounds belong to had to be determined. These groups are: Carboxylic Acids, phenols, and neutrals. By determining the melting points of the two unknown compounds, these values were compared to the values of melting points in the chart and the proper compound was selected. For the case of this experiment, the unknown mixture contained

FROM Arabidopsis LEAVES (using TRIzol) The method of RNA extraction using TRIzol is beneficial where it is impractical to separate cytoplasmic RNA from nuclear RNA, microRNAs or endogenous RNases.TRIzol (or TRI Reagent) is a monophasic solution of phenol/ guanidinium isothiocyanate and solubilises biological material while simultaneously denaturing the protein.(Donald C. Rio et al) SAMPLE PREPARATION(Homogenisation, disruption)/RNA PRECIPITATION* The samples(watered-control,drought stressed-target)

Purpose: To identify an unknown microorganism by performing a series of biochemical tests on a pure bacterial culture. Materials and Methods: Tests: Lactose fermentation: Fermentation makes energy available for use by microorganisms by anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates. The product can either be an acid or gas. When it is positive, the broth will turn from red to yellow and if gas is present a bubble is formed.  Sucrose fermentation: This fermentation makes energy available for use by microorganisms

Also, due to the fact that carboxyilic acids had a lower pKa than the phenols, means that the extraction using NaHCO3 will only ionize a carboxylic acid since they easily donate a proton. Similarly, when extracted using NaOH the aqueous phase will contain the deprotonated phenols as they are weaker acids and require a stronger base. However, if the mixture contains a non-ionizable organic compound, it will not be ionized and

2. Experimental 2.1. Chemicals Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) (99.99%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Absolute ethanol (≥99.99%) was purchased from Merck Millipore (Germany).These reactants and the models pollutants HCOOH and phenol were obtained from Acros Organics and used without further purification. Commercial TiO2 P25 was obtained from Evonik. Ultrapure water (18MΩ.cm-1) was used throughout the whole experiments. 2.2. Synthesis of photocatalysts The TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the

Assay. In an alkali solution, the samples of protein are put into contact with copper. This results in the aromatic residues of both Tyrosine and Tryptophan reducing the Folin phenol reagent. This results in the previously treated sample’s aromatic amino acids reducing the Folin phenol reagent. In addition, the Folin phenol reagent is also treated with copper. This reaction results in a product with a blue color, and in order to determine the protein amount in each sample, it is necessary to read

Unknown #10 produced no identifiable macroscopic characteristics as a broth, so the first step was to Gram stain a loopful to determine the microscopic characteristics. Gram staining not only helped identify Unknown #10’s microscopic morphology but it also helped ensure the specimen was a pure culture—no other bacteria were visible when Unknown #10 was Gram stained and observed under the microscope. Unknown #10’s key microscopic morphology was that it was a very small, Gram negative bacillus. Though

positive. This will make acetic anhydride more prone to nucleophilic attacks. The nucleophile in the reaction is salicylic acid and it was form when oxygen on the phenol group attacked the partial positive charge of a carbon from acetic anhydride. Next, the salicylic acid will attack the positively charged anhydride. The oxygen from the phenol group will now be positively charge while the carbonyl groups withhold the negative charge. This forms a tetrahedral shaped structure or intermediate. The carbon