Pioglitazone Essays

COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INTERVENTIONS TO AVOID COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT IN DIABETES MELLITUS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW FROM SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Shazia Qasim Jamshed 1, Akshaya Srikanth2, Abdul Kareem Al-Shami 1 1. Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia 2. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract Background and Aims: Asians

Schizophrenia with depressive component or a ‘post-schizophrenic depression’ arises after a schizophrenic illness. Some of the schizophrenic symptoms may be present but no longer dominant1. These persisting schizophrenic symptoms may be “positive” or “negative”, though the latter are more common1. Pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression There are many theories and hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia3. The well-known hypothesis with regards to the pathophysiology of

Alzheimer disease is a form of dementia caused by the destruction of brain cells. Alzheimer disease currently affects 60-80% of all cases of dementia, and people over the age of 70 are at a greater risk of developing it (“Alzheimer’s Disease”, 2011). History of disease: Alzheimer’s disease was named after the German physiologist who first introduced dementia’s neurological characteristics in 1906 (Jia, 2014). Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disease that destroys the memory and thinking

KIDNEY AND TYPE 2 D.M Normal Glucose Homeostasis Normal Glucose Homeostasis reflects a Balance of glucose Production, absorption, and Excretion • A delicate balance between several regulatory processes maintains glucose within a narrow range of ~80-120 mg/d L throughout the day • Hormonal regulation – Insulin: glucose utilization and production – Glucagon: hepatic glucose production (together with insulin) • Organs – Liver: glucose production (via glucose formation and formation of glucose

A PBM (pharmacy benefits manager) is a company that processes and pays for claims while assisting the employer with managing prescription benefits (Du, Jack). There are “three big PBMs that cover most of the roughly 4 billion retail prescriptions that were filled in the US in 2015: Express Scripts, CVS Caremark, and OptumRx” (Ramsey). Their job is to negotiate contracts with pharmaceutical manufacturers or pharmacies. They are supposed to favor the most effective drug for their consumer. The American