Plant pathogens and diseases Essays

of new genes to a species belonging to an entirely different species is carried out. The transferred foreign gene is known as a ‘Transgene’. Plants in which the introduction of foreign gene or genes from another unrelated plant or even a different species have been carried out artificially are referred to as ‘Transgenic plants’ or ‘Genetically Modified Plants’. Similarly the animals in which foreign gene/genes have been deliberately inserted into their respective genomes are known as ‘Transgenic animals’

Exclusion is one of the strategies of plant disease management, which prevents the entrance and establishment of the disease-causing agent (pathogen) into a non-infested area. The principle of exclusion is to prevent the spreading of the communicable disease among the living organisms such as plants animals or even human beings. Human being has been practiced this principle of exclusion a long time before the germ theory was ever accepted. Many years ago, visitors in city gates have been excluded

water or fertilizer. It is not unusual for plants with root rot to regenerate new roots to replace those killed by the pathogen, but the newly developed root system may only support the plant when adequate moisture is available. Such plants may not show above ground symptoms well enough to be culled in the nursery prior to sale. As several pathogens can produce the same symptoms, and two or more pathogens may be affecting the nursery crop, nurseries need access to a professional diagnostic laboratory

safest and most effective ways to protect children and the population of disease some in which may be life threating. Vaccine success as a public policy depends not only on the added protection that vaccines confer upon those who get immunised, but also on the decreased likelihood that anyone will come into contact with the disease. When a child’s body in invaded by a pathogen it relies on the immune system to fight the disease. The

bacterial disease that severely affects citrus production throughout the world. Xanthomonas spp. are the causal agents of the disease, which manifests as necrotic pustule-like lesions on the plant organs including leaves, fruits and stems. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-established post-transcriptional gene expression regulators that modulate plant responses during many stress circumstances. Accordingly, some bacteria-responsive miRNAs have been shown to have regulatory functions in the plant-pathogen interaction

bacteria produces antibiotic compounds, for example pyrollnitrin and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, which create inhibition zones 12mm long, and in this way it inhibits the growth of pathogens. (Ganeshan & Manoj Kumar, 2005). In addition to this function, Pseudomonas inactivates the cell wall of fungi that degrade damaged plants. Its application in bioremediation comes from its ability to increase in number and change its macro structure in response to oil contamination. Most organisms react to metals

from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species. Human beings ought to consider the pros and cons of genetic engineering before using it. It is a contentious topic because people have different views of weather genetic engineering is safe or not. This essay will look more on the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering has some advantages. Firstly it allows for faster growth rate .Genetic engineering allows of plants or animals to be modified

biotechnological processes and technologies. It involves the removal, addition, or modification of an organism’s genes in order to create a new organism. What results, is an organism that is mutated for safe consumption, protection against disease caused by pathogens, or enhanced to improve yields, quality, and nutrition. Although there are many positive things resulting from genetically modifying foodstuffs, the potential implications of this engineering can often be controversial. Some argue the benefits

1. What is a disease vector? Discuss the roles and importance of disease vectors in the transmission of diseases. 25 pts. A disease vector is any agent that transmits and carries an infectious pathogen into another living organism. These vectors have immunity to the pathogen and thus allows for the successful transport of the pathogen. Not every vector is able to carry every pathogen and ecological restrains also limit the spread of the disease due to the inability of the vector to survive in different

protect against various diseases is known as immune system(97). Immune system can be classified broadly in two sub-systems, the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell mediated immunity. In humans, the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier separate peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain(98). Malfunctioning of immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Less active

dangerous for the natural plants. Unpleasant genetic mutations could result to an increased allergy occurrence of the crop. Some people believe that this science on foods can hamper the nutrients contained by the crops although their appearance and taste were enhanced. 2. May Introduce Risky Pathogens Horizontal gene shift could give increase to other pathogens. While it increases the immunity against diseases among the plants, the resistant genes can be transmitted to harmful pathogens. 3. May Result to

people who start their own hives. Also, Congress needs to set aside funding for research on the new vaccines. Finally, farmers should be encouraged and supported to leave portions of their land fallow for part of the year. This would allow native plants and weeds to grow, which provides the bees with a variety of food sources, which would improve their nutrition. In conclusion, the United States government wields enough power to enact legislation to prevent any more honey bee decline and even begin

Kanatjan Alibekov became the third defector from the Russian biological weapons program (Ainscough 2002, p3-8). Biological weapons have been used many times in history, the reason it is more of a problem now is the rise of contagious and lethal pathogens and the increasing number of states and terrorist groups. The above records from Russians about their biological weapons programs show actual research and progress in genetic engineering. Therefore, banning or restricting laws on biological weapons

Ecological imperialism is a theory that was developed by Alfred Crosby that says European settlers were “successful” in colonization because of their introduction of animals, plants, and diseases that were not native or found in original native lands. However, it was the “success” of the colonists that led to declines and suffering in native populations. Crosby believed that this is what led to major shifts in the ecology of the colonized areas and declines in the indigenous populations. In the United

faster more efficient trade routes to Asia. However, this journey turned into them discovering a New World with almost endless opportunities to grow not only economically, but also intellectually. They discovered new demographics, agriculture, and pathogens. Columbus and his crew may not have known it at the time, but they would change history as we know it today. The distinctive demographics of this New World shocked Columbus and his men. The extreme culture and

The term "disease" refers to conditions that impair normal tissue function. However, there are fundamentally different causes for each of these diseases. An infectious disease is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a host by agents whose activities harm the host's tissues (that is, they cause disease) and can be transmitted to other individuals (that is, they are infectious). Infectious diseases, being one of the main causes of death worldwide, account for approximately one-half of all deaths

specifically play a role in the pollination of various plants, foods, and other agricultural resources. Once upon a time, the bumblebees spanned a wide range across the northwest, northern, and northeast states, however, due to an increase in human impact, the bees are experiencing an alarming decline as sharp as 87 percent in the last 20 years, as noted by the USFWS. Some of the reasons for decline can include habitat loss, intensive farming, disease, insecticide use, and climate change. Over time, as

natural disasters caused the extinction of plants and animals. Then new life forms come in from other places to inhabit the area. Also, the theory of uniformitarianism; which was the belief that the earth was very old, and it was shaped by the same natural forces such as, earthquakes or glacial movements that also occurred at the time (and still occur). These and other theories were debunked by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Darwin surmised that animals, plants, and humans evolve over time because “favourable

produced by organisms, that threaten human health. . Biological hazards are common in work places where workers come in contact with a broad range of diseases; work place like health care facilities, animal farms, game rangers and veterinarians are at greater risk for infections originating from the biohazards. Workers in these places are exposed to pathogens which may be spread by direct contact like droplet, airborne, faecal oral or blood borne transmission. However professionals like

research agency is leading several efforts to find the cause of Colony Collapse Disorder, and ways to stop it. The ARS has been striving to enhance honey bee regulation and health as well by improving bee management practices and studying honey bee diseases, vectors, and how to control them. Plus, a number of Federal agencies and state departments of agriculture, private companies, and universities have all started to seek the source and treatment of Colony Collapse Disorder. This is not the first time