Substantia nigra Essays

Amygdala- While playing Mexican Train Dominoes, I use my amygdala when I place a domino down trying to make someone else mad and instead I make the situation for me worse. Cerebellum- I flex my cerebellum when I’m trying to place a domino on the table without messing anyone else’s train up. Cerebral Cortex- In an attempt to win, I use my cerebral cortex to strategize where I am going to place my dominoes. Corpus Callosum- I am able to understand the words of the metaphor that my grandpa says in

Parkinson 's disease is classified as a disease that impairs bodily movement by affecting the nervous system. Van Den Eeden suggest that people under the age of years old have a 12 in 100,000% chance of getting Parkinson 's disease, while people over the age of 50 years old have about 44 in 100,000% chance in getting Parkinson 's. Problems that are associated with Parkinson 's disease include tremors, bradykinesia, and postural instability; all exhibit some forms of motor loss or involuntary movement

Mary Oliver’s The Black Walnut Tree displays a relationship between a family (the mother and daughter) and their tree. In the beginning of the poem towards the middle , both the mother and daughter are conflicted with the decision of tearing down the tree , and in return being able to pay off their mortgage. On the contrary , if the family decides to cut the tree they are afraid they may lose the strong family ties, and past generations that are connected to the tree. Ultimately the family of two

At its core, “The Black Walnut Tree” is a conflict between the sentimental and what practically needs to be done. Throughout the poem, the author utilizes a very matter-of-fact and almost dismissive tone as the daughter and her mother debate whether or not to sell the tree and finish paying off a loan that they owe. As the poem progresses, this matter-of-fact tone transitions into figurative language as the black walnut tree takes on a more symbolic view. Mary Oliver shows in “The Black Walnut Tree”

The main function of the midbrain is to process visual and auditory signals as well as help in movement. The midbrain is an area of brain that is in the middle of two other regions: the forebrain and the hindbrain. The forebrain is made up of the cerebral cortex and the hindbrain is made up of the pons, the cerebellum and the medulla of the brain stem. The midbrain is located within the brainstem and acts as a bridge or connection between the two regions. It is composed of two parts: the tectum (the

polyphenols in the treatment of the PD and the mechanism by which they exert beneficial effect. Key Words: Flavonoids; Parkinson’s disease, Basal ganglia; Dopamine; Substantia nigra Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) region of the midbrain (Dauer and Przedborski, 2003) (Fig.1). The salient pathologic feature of idiopathic PD is relatively selective degeneration

of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) leads to symptoms of the disease. How this loss occurs is not known, but generation of ROS are considered important mediators. Oxidation of dopamine by enzymes leads to the formation of H2O2, which is usually inactivated in a reaction involving glutathione, but can react with Fe2+ and form highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. In PD, GSH levels have been reported to be decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the severity

Pathophysiology Cellular Pathophysiology There are two major neurpathologic finding in PD. The first is the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra which cause the motor symptoms. The other finding is the presentence of Lewy bodies which is related to the cognitive decline. It is now thought that PD is multifactorial when looking at neural cell death. In PD, there are three major contributing factors: inflammation, dysfunctional mitochondria, and oxidative stress that affect these

The human brain is not only one of the most important organs in the human body; it is also the most complex(www.verywell.com/the-anatomy-of-the-brain-2794895). Anatomically the brain is divided into three major parts; cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem[1]. The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres, such as right and left hemispheres. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side. The left hemisphere regulates language and speech, and the

The motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease takes place by a death from dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain; the cause of this cell death is unknown. Early in the course of the disease, the most noticeable symptoms are movement related, including shaking, stiffness, slowness of movement and diificulty with walking & bearing

with its carboxylate and phenolic hydroxyl group and sequester their effects, protecting the rest of the cells. It prevents the UV and high-frequency visible light to pass into the eyes and facilitates the clear visions. Neuromelanins in the substantia nigra of brain protects neurons by chelating metals and xenobiotics.Deficiency of this neuromelanin in brain results in PARKINSONISM. So Melanin is really divine for human life, isn't it?? Well, we can agree with this statement but as we know The more

The word “caffeine” originated from the French word “café”, which means “coffee.” Caffeine’s chemical name is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, primarily based on its formula, C8H10N4O2, and molecular structure. Caffeine is a stimulant that occurs naturally and can be isolated from around 60 plants and can synthetically be made and added to ordinary products and medicinal drugs. Caffeine in it’s pure form is a white powder that is very bitter. A major chunk of the population makes use of caffeine as a

Elderly people with Parkinson's disease regularly experience depression which dramatically affects the quality of their life. Recognized as a secondary symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression is not uniformly diagnosed by healthcare professionals and many elders suffer untreated. Due to the nature of PD and depression, the elderly patient's limitations must be considered when deciding on treatment options. Some treatment options are: pharmacology, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), Deep Brain

Parkinson 's disease and Shingles Parkinson 's disease (PD) par·kin·son·ism (par 'kin-son-izm) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The symptoms can come on slowly as time progresses. In the beginning of this disease, the most obvious signs are shaking, and slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking. Thinking and behavioral problems can occur as well. Dementia becomes common in most advanced stages of this disease. I have

Common Types of Dementia In general, dementia is defined as “a deterioration of cognitive functioning that impacts one’s ability to meet the intellectual demands of their daily life” (Maitra, 2007, p 184). Though there are multiple types of dementia, there is no specific testing to diagnose these different types. The symptoms and behavioral effects of the disease are used to help the doctor determine which form of dementia the patient most likely has. Symptoms can either onset slowly or show up

the 1918 Flu Pandemic Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative motor disorder resulting from the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in an area of the brain known as the basal ganglia, in particular two clusters of cells called the substantia nigra. The manifestations of PD appear when 80% or more of the dopamine producing neurons have been destroyed. Symptoms of PD include difficulty initiating movement (bradykinesia); a shuffling gait; the classic pill rolling hand tremor; a blank facial

Emotions are part of everyday life and they have different meanings to different people. They were first studied by Charles Darwin in 1872, he suggested that emotions developed and adapted over time. He wanted to prove that humans and animals had the same emotions so he observed not only their facial expressions, but also their behavior. Charles Darwin and ,a physician, Guillaunme-Benjamin- Amand Duchenne concluded that face expressions worked together to show a few emotions. Duchenne applied electrical

neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s 1. It is reported that in developed countries, nearly one out of 100 people older than 60 years old suffers from Parkinson disease 2. Parkinson is allegedly caused by the damage of brain nerve cells on the substantia nigra. This damage causes the decrease of dopamine in the brain which diminished the ability to regulate the movements, bodies, and emotions 3. The symptoms of the disease include progressive loss of muscle control, slowness of movements (bradykinesia)

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a substantial loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), resulting in irreversible motor symptoms consisting mainly of tremors, bradykinesia and rigidity. Although the pathology and clinical symptoms are well defined in PD, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons remain unknown. Lack of such fundamental knowledge severely

This law can also refer to the dopamine response. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter released from the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area in the brain, and it acts as a ‘reward’ for enjoyable activities, such as eating, playing, or social media of any form. The Pavlovian dogs salivating at the sound of a bell is a prime example of this response. According