Theory X and theory Y Essays

relationship of leader behavior and group performance, which paralleled McGregor’s (1960) “Theory X” and “Theory Y.” He identified four basic orientations he called “systems” – exploitative-authoritative (system 1), benevolent-authoritative (system 2), consultative (system 3) and participative (system 4). Likert’s (1961) system 1 and system 4 orientations were similar to McGregor’s (1960) Theory X and Theory Y perspectives. Likert (1961) constructed his systems by combining two categories of behaviors:

Doulas McGregor first proposed the concept of Theory X and Theory Y in “The Human Side of Enterprise”. According to an article titled, Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, by Dave Gannon and Anna Boguszak Theory X stated that, “it was the duty of management to organize, direct, control, and modify the behavior of employees as otherwise they might become passive or even resistant to work” (Gannon and Boguszak, 2013). In contrast to Theory X, Theory Y states, “managements role is not simply direction

3.2.2. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y In McGregor’s theory he mentioned that “if you treated people as responsible and self-motivated thus they will act in a responsible and motivated manner” (Torrington et al 2002 page 343) Theory X would limit subordinates ability to exercise discretion and use incentive schemes and penalties as primary inducements for increased effort. Theory X states that the average human being has inherent dislike of work, and will avoid it if possible since people dislike

McGregor’s Theory Y plays a significant role in John Mackey’s, Co-CEO of Whole Foods concept of conscious capitalism. According to John Mackey, successful companies must look beyond maximizing profits and shareholder value, they, must also focus on the employees, as well as, the culture. Therefore, companies must hire suitable employees, as well as, train them to be advocates for the business (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2013. Opposite of Theory X, Theory Y focuses more on human motivation and encourages

There are a lot of book about leadership but this specific one mainly focuses on leadership in social enterprise. Leading a social enterprise is very different from managing a commercial business. Leadership in Social Enterprise tells us why. It specifically points out different key characteristics of an effective social enterprise leader from the followers’ point of view and lists and describes ranges of challenges social enterprises encounter. Along with the challenges, the authors included a wide

A leader will not teach people under them how to do things, but lead by example. It is logical that one of the concepts need the other but one does not need other to perform. To supervise properly, there is need to be able lead and have them understand ways of doing things. This takes leadership qualities like charisma to achieve, so that they will know you are in charge. Therefore one can say supervision needs leadership, because without this qualities it might be difficult to supervise at times

McGregor’s Theory Y is defined as “a modern and positive set of assumptions about people…by viewing them as self-energized, committed, responsible, and creative beings” (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p. 9). This type of theory played an important role in Whole Foods. John Mackey recognized that Theory Y would create an environment where people would love their jobs. Therefore, he incorporated Theory Y in his management style to create a company where all stakeholders were winners. Theory Y managers are

In the beginning, McDonalds was run by two brothers named Richard and Maurice McDonald who not only owned but ran a hamburger restaurant in San Bernardino ,California in the 1950’s. Ray Kroc saw the potential in McDonalds and had ideas to expand it globally so he founded the McDonalds Corporation in 1955. Today, there are more than 33,000 McDonald’s restaurants globally in 119 countries (REFERENCE/web). McDonald’s applies Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor in their management. Frederick

Hume’s problem of induction tells us that we are unable to know if a scientific claim, formed from inductive reasoning, is true . Because science often follow a pragmatic theory of truth, whereby a proposition is true if it is useful, and science have produced mostly useful results, we can assume without delving into arguments about pragmatism, that the scientific method is reliable. Thus, following Goldman’s process reliabilism

translated into logic by the statement (X=Y)∧(X=¬X)∧(Y=¬Y) instead of the simpler original statement X=Y. When he says the opposite example of "If Julius Caesar were I, he would be alive in the twentieth century", this would imply the opposite of the prior statement and imply that

background colour was black. The fixation cross was grey. The cross was presented at the center of the screen. There was a dot in the center of the screen, which was white. There were two target letters: ‘X’ and ‘N’, which were shown with equal probabilities. The distractor letters (‘P’, ‘N’,’X’) were shown with equal probability. The target and distractor letters were both white. 5 dots and a letter were presented at the centre of the screen, in a circle, centred on a fixation cross. The target

Leadership is an essential component to ensure the achievement of an organization. There are many concepts related leadership is created by the researchers to explain the leadership. However, there is no specific theories or model can perfectly describe the leadership as the concept towards leadership keep on changing over the time. Therefore, the leadership can be classified into four different approaches, which are trait approach, behaviour approach, power-influence approach and contingency approach

Rene Descartes’ view on the mind-body problem is one that is much debated even today, nearly four centuries since his demise. To discuss the mind-body problem, we must first establish the definitions of mind and body, and how Descartes came upon these definitions. Following that, we can then discuss the validity of his views, and some of the criticisms his views have received. To explain how Descartes arrived at his views of the mind and body, we must look into his process of systematic doubt.

“World is not designed by science, but by art in spite of some pretence and humbug to the contrary. I do not mean to suggest that engineering can do without science, on the contrary, it stands on scientific foundations, but there is a big gap between scientific research and the engineering product which has to be bridged by the art of the engineer” I still remember the day I witnessed the scaled models of famous civil structures in the annual science and technology festival of Indian Institute of

Zafer Çavdar DR. LENKER ACWR 101 – 11 / Spring 2015 Essay B: Analytical Synthesis – Second (Conference) Draft Analytical Synthesis of Enemies of Reason by Richard Dawkins and Carl Sagan’s article A British biologist Richard Dawkins has presented a documentary film, Enemies of Reason, in 2007 to disprove that pseudoscientific practices have reliable logic as well as science has. The documentary’s first part includes Dawkins’s investigations which aim to find out whether these practices have any scientific

their time. During and after the revolutions everything was still being figured out and settled so I feel they were just sort of predicting what could happen in the future at that point. Emile Durkheim’s Structural Functionalism theory also known as the functionalist theory viewed society as a bunch of structures or parts that when put together could form a bit of solidarity. Each “part” or institution plays a different role in society which is still true to this day. If we did not have our school

as, necessities, wishes, supplies or pushes within each person. Its stimulate people to accomplish certain goals. So, in general motivation that something derive someone to do a certain job to achieve a goal. Theories Motivation has five general approaches that talks by using some theory point of view and how to reach these approaches.

Popper’s falsification theory Kuhn and Popper are two well established philosopher who introduced ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolution’ and the ‘Theory of Falsifiability’ respectively. Kuhn was a critique of Popper’s work. He introduced the terms normal science, revolutionary science and paradigm. Popper on the other hand refuted logical positivism and established the Theory of Falsifiability. He suggested the usage of deduction rather than induction in scientific work. His theory also accepts that

traditions in which the impartiality of the individual producer is severally limited and property rights in science are held down to the bare minimum by the rationale of the scientific ethic’ (Merton, 1942). Weakness: However experience has shown that this theory is unrealistic in an every day working capitalist society as funding is paramount inorder for sceintific research to progress

In mathematics the knowledge we obtain is justified with reason that have straightforward theories and laws. In natural science on the other hand the information we collect is firstly obtained with observations which can be perceived in the wrong manner and then carried out wrong after that, in the natural world things are always changing therefore