Toxin Essays

which is toxins. The scientific name is known as Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning or (PSP). Starting off, paralytic shellfish poisoning is a silent killer. Paralytic poisoning is an illness caused from eating shellfish that have been exposed to dinoflagellate algae ("Paralytic Shellfish" 2 . This is a natural occurring toxin, that is caused by some types of microscopic algae. This toxin affects the nervous system and can even cause damage to the muscle system. In other cases, when the toxin level is

death to the exposed individual. The basic mechanism of the toxin (which has eight serotypes) is blocking the release of a neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) at the synapse between the motor neuron and a muscle (1). By obstructing the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction, the muscle is unable to contract thus, causing muscle paralysis. This potent toxin has therapeutic as well as cosmetologic uses. I will focus on how C. botulinum toxin is used in surgical cosmetology as well as describe how

of action of cholera toxin The cholera toxin is an enterotoxin which is secreted by the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae. The toxin is an protein complex which is made up by six subunits, one A subunit and five B subunits. The A subunit is the enzymatic subunit and the B subunit is the binding subunit [9]. The cholera toxin is released from the bacteria and once in the intestinal lumen it adheres to the apical surface of the epithelial cell. The B subunit of the toxin binds to a ganglioside

25BHS suggests to read tAfï[]me (“from doing”) with 1QIsaa and LXX. Whether we follow BHS proposal or the MT reading, the meaning of the line remains the same since in poetic parallelism the preposition !mi in v. 13a (tB'V;m)i governs the following line (v. 13b). However, the BHS proposal is a more a plausible reading because of tAfï[]me in v. 13e. 261QIsab, Theodotion, Syriac, Targum, and Vulgate read ^yc,Þp'x] (pl.) as ^c.p.x, (sg.). We opt for ^c.p.x, because of the recurrence of the term in v

Year 9 Science Ecology Symbiosis Symbiosis Symbiosis is the relationship between two living organisms. The main types of symbiosis are mutualism, parasitism and commensalism. The association between the two organisms can be beneficial to one or two of the species or in some cases be harmful, depending on the type of symbiosis. Commensalism Commensalism is a biological term which is used to describe the relationship between two living organism, where in which one benefits from the other without

but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin mainly produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.1 It is not a contagious disease, however the bacteria can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion or through a wound. Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is claimed to be one of the most poisonous substance to human as an estimation of one million people can be killed by using only one gram of crystallized Botulinum toxin.2 It has an effect on human nervous system which

The use of neurotoxin “periodic botulinum toxin” injections is considered to be the gold standard treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum and attains a “reversible neuromuscular blockade at presynaptic terminals, therefore, preventing the release of acetylcholine in response to action potentials” (Holden, Vokes, Taylor, Till & Crumley, 2007). Botox is directly put into the affected muscles of the larynx; therefore, injection of

Chapter nine commences by telling its readers about how Lee Harding was diagnosed with E coli 0157:H7. After eating some tacos at a Mexican restaurant, he started to have excruciating stomach pains and diarrhea. Harding’s stomach was hurting because of some frozen hamburgers he ate a couple of days ago. Those same hamburgers provided by Hudson Foods were infected with E. coli 0157:H7. Millions of those same frozen hamburgers had already been sold and most likely eaten. The middle of the chapter

Rapid tests for detection of main Clostridial toxins Pérez-Etcheverry Diana* and Lorenzo-Ferreiro Carmen Laboratorio de Biotecnología del Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando - Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República. Canelones, Uruguay. *perezetcheverrydiana@gmail.com Abstract: The genus Clostridium is ubiquitous[1], because of this they find easily their way into wounds, foods and feeds, being the cause of serious illness on human and domestic animals. Manifestations and pathology can

You can make it happen with a single Botox injection. The results from this cosmetic procedure have made it a Hollywood craze and it has now become much more accessible to non-celebrity patients as well. What exactly is Botox? Botox is botulinum toxin for short. It is a substance that is derived from Clostridium botulinum, a kind of bacteria that may cause food poisoning that can be fatal. It does sound scary. However, in controlled amounts, it can do wonders for wrinkles. What is used in Botox

would begin with ruling out causes of the child’s illness such as normal childhood illnesses, uncommon diseases and/or and accidental exposures to toxins in the home or elsewhere. Absent biological disease, laboratory testing would determine toxins in the child’s body. Upon ascertaining the causative toxin, an investigation would determine where the toxins originated and how they were introduced to the child. The child, being healthy at birth, appears to become ill due to an acute exposure to the causative

BOTULINUM TOXIN The neurotoxins produced by the Clostridia species are among the most potent toxins known. Botulinum toxin, BoNT, is a poisonous substance produced within living cells by Clostridium Botulinum bacteria. Botulism poisoning results most frequently from the ingestion of contaminated food. Food must be cooked for a sufficient length of time, at 248 °F, for the heat resistant spores to die. Botulism also may result from a wound infection or enter the body v via the pulmonary

Germ theory of disease is one of the theories in the biology field. Germ theory of disease supports that microorganisms that are germs are the cause of diseases. This theory was first proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro in the 16th century but he was not able to provide any evidence to strengthen his proposal. This theory was not accepted easily by the citizen between the 16th century to the 18th century. The pre-existence of miasma theory was the obstacle to the acceptance of germ theory during that

Nigel Courtenay-Luck, Ph.D., CSO of Antisoma, at a recent 9th European Biotech Crossroads meeting, talked about data from Phase 1 of a study on a new type of biomolecule called an aptamer. He said that aptamers are very similar to antibodies; they can both recognize and bind to antigens, they both have low nanomolar binding, and the pKa of both molecules can be modified easily. He said that they are ideal to be used as therapeutics because they can bind well(since they are 3-D) without causing an

Botulinum Toxin Therapy Botulinum toxin is produced by anerobic bacillus Colstidium botulinum, is a potent neurotoxin. That is inhibits the presynaptic release of acetylcholine and binds to acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic membrane.(122 B) There are seven distinct serotypes of Botulinum toxin : A, B, C1, D, E, F, and G. Only Botulinum toxins type A and B are commercially available. Four types of botulinum toxin are approved by FDA for clinical use in the USA. 1. Onabotulinumtoxin A (A/Ona

knowledge. Before the first successful vaccine in the 20th century, diphtheria was one of the major causes of death, predominantly in children (Diphtheria, 2008). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) expresses diphtheria as an acute toxin-mediated disease caused by the bacterium

There are so many toxins that can harm the human body. The one that stands out to me is the scorpion toxin. The toxin in scorpion sting kills more people around the world than any other kind of animal. The scorpion poison is in the tail part of the body. The most poisonous scorpions live in the southwestern deserts of the United States. Most scorpion usually hides during the day and they come out during the night they are more active. When an individual gets bitten by a scorpion the symptoms rapidly

organ we carry around in our skull is. From emotions, to the choices and decisions we make, to our behaviour and health, neuroscience shows us that the brain is the most amazing creation on earth... and following are five reasons why: 1. It Keeps us Toxin-Free and Healthy We know that all animal species need sleep, as much as they need food, water and air. In humans, children need a lot of sleep to help them grow healthily. But sleep is the occasion for another critical function in the adult brain

4. What does FAT TOM stand for? What are some of the factors that allow food microorganisms grow? The acronym "FAT TOM" stands for food, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen and moisture. This acronym is used in the food service industry to describe the conditions that contribute to the different types of food-borne illnesses. Food - There are the sufficient amount of nutrients available to promote the growth of microorganisms. The most susceptible are Protein-rich foods such as meat, milk, eggs

botulinum toxin.1 Clostridium Botulinum toxin type A is one of seven serotypes (A-G), these toxins are responsible for four recognised types of diseases including infant botulism, wound botulism and food-borne and adult intestinal colonization.2, 3 The toxin is a Zn2+ endopeptidase toxin, and it acts by blocking cholinergic synapses in all cases, by cleaving