1. SQL History:
SQL A structured query language used to delete, insert, update, and retrieve data from databases. It began in 1970 when Dr. E.F Codd published a paper entitled "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks." This paper described a new way of organizing data into a database and led to relational database systems that we use today. While the paper of Dr. Codd defined the structure, his colleagues Donald D. Chamberlain and Raymond F Boyce in IBM were developing the query language known as SQUARE (identifying queries as relational expressions), which used group theory and assigned math to select data from the database.
By 1974, Chamberlain and Boyce published "SEQUEL: A Structured English query language" Which has added
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Thus SQL was born.
2. SQL Advantages and Disadvantages:
2.1 Advantages:
• Powerful Language: SQL Queries can be used to retrieve large amounts of records from a database quickly and efficiently. [2]
• SQL joins two or more tables and show it as one table to user.
• Easy to learn: It is easy to use because it is like the structured English language so it does not need any coding. [2]
• Portability: SQL can be used in the programs in servers, laptops, PCs, and even some of the mobile phones. [3]
• Multiple data views: With the SQL language, each user can have different view from each other. [3]
• Client/Server language: SQL is used for linking end computers and databases. Thus, providing client server architecture. [3]
2.2 Disadvantages:
• Difficulty in Interfacing: Interfacing an SQL database is more complex than adding a few lines of code. [2]
• Tables dependency: When create a view based on underlying tables of a database. Whenever we change the structure of those tables that view associated with, we have to change the view as well.
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[5]
4. Why Are SQL Injection Attacks So Successful?
Injection attacks are successful for a couple of reasons, the most widely of which is that many newer developers simply do not think about the issue.[6] They may develop system that accepts data from untrusted users, fail to properly validate the data, and then use that data to dynamically construct an SQL query to the database backing that system.
“For example, imagine a simple application that takes inputs of a username and password. It may ultimately process this input in an SQL statement of the form string query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = "'" + username + "' AND password = '" + password + "'";
Since this query is constructed by concatenating an input string directly from the user, the query behaves correctly only if password does not contain a single-quote character. If the user enters "joe" as the username and "example' OR 'a'='a as the password, the resulting query becomes
SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'joe' AND password = 'example' OR
What are the exact features of a distributed database? a) Is always connected to the internet b) Always requires more than three machines c) Users see the data in one global schema. d) Have to require the physical location of the data when an update is done
Data is organised in two ways, firstly data is stored within the hash table i.e. in an array. Secondly it is stored in linked lists and the hash table is an array of pointers to such linked lists. Applications and some examples 1. Mid-Square -We square the identifier when calculating the hash function. 2.
\subsection{Creation of Matching Entries ({\it MakeMatchingEntries'})} \label{sec:make-matching} \label{sec:match} Procedure ${\it MakeMatchingEntries'}$ takes a decoding entry set and a pattern as input and outputs a newly created set that contains the entries that match the input pattern. Note that not every entry in the newly created set is the same entry in the input entries because the exclusion conditions were modified. The exclusion conditions that are invalidated by the input pattern are removed from the exclusion condition set of output entries. In addition, when all the matching patterns are invalidated, the unmatching patterns are expanded to their opcode patterns. Procedure ${\it MakeMatchingEntries'}$ consists of the following
• The four major systems each have its own database and interfaces had to be built for them to all communicate with each other. This is caused information to show in multiple formats and is difficult to reconcile. Providing accurate reports for banking and government regulators is very challenging.
4.4.4. Vulnerabilities Weaknesses, insecure network, defects, in any SCADA system that can be increase the access of unauthorized advantages. A single defect allow an attacker to gain information that defect is define as vulnerability. 4.4.5. Damage potential
1. Please provide up to 3 examples of computer code that you have written to carry out data management, reporting or analysis. This can include programs written in SAS, R, or another programming language or queries written in SQL or another query language. While working in the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wage Unit, I have worked primarily with SQL procedure editor software.
The Trojans attacks the network by modifying blocking and even delete data. The last attack that I will describing is Worms, worms and viruses are similar in the way how fast they spread through the network, worms also fill up the storage space with junk the result of this slows down the
They have having the ability to write and delete data in the database, the attackers cause damage by entering different from what its expected. Most of the time, attackers make use of dynamic SQL statements for SQL injection They also mainly use two SQL knowledge to perform this action, the semicolon; which indicates the end of the statement and the two hyphens – which indicates that a comment should be
Access is a database management system that allows users to create a database, add, change and delete data. Outlook is an app were users can communicate with others and organize
The ERA failed from a number of different reasons. Those fighting for the ERA partially took the wrong approach. Many tactics hurt the campaign rather than helping it. The ERA did not get many of the supporters needed to pass the Amendment. A vast majority of women enjoyed their roles as housewife and mother.
The information or data that needs to be stored could relate to personal employee information that would need to be password protected so only the relevant people can gain access. Only if date if stored in a procedural manner can it be easily retrieved. This can also help if an external body needs to gain access to records for example auditors. Describe the features of different types of systems used for storage and retrieval of information. There are many different ways in which you can store and retrieve information; the main purpose of storing any information is for easy retrieval in the future when it is
Cryptography is a technique or method to secure personal data from unauthorized user. In cryptography two types of operation are performed. (i) Encryption and (ii) Decryption. To encrypt and decrypt data a secret key is used. After encryption original data is converted into another format known as cyphertext, which is not easy to understand.
1. Define the following terms: GIS; A geographic information system is system made to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage, and present spatial or geographical data. FOSS; Free or Open Source Software. FOSS programs have licenses that allow users to freely run the program for any purpose, modify the program as they want, and also to freely distribute copies of either the original version or their own modified version. ILWIS; Integrated Land and Water Information System is a GIS / Remote sensing software for both vector and raster processing.
In a relational database management system the data access is privileged which means that the database administrator has the authority of giving access of data to some particular users which makes the data secure. 3. Easy to use: This type of database uses tables which is better and easy to create and use. Disadvantages of RDBMS: 1. Slow:
Name : (Quintus) Gan QI Xiang Student’s iD : 0322280 Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of Social Media? Justify your answer with relevant evidences. The definition of social media is a group of internet-based applications that allows the creation and exchange of user-generated contents such as tweet, post, picture, audio files, video and others more which is created by users of an online system and service.