chronological list
John Rawls, (1921-2002)
Conservatism | Liberalism | New Century
Rawls 's late works dealt with the issue of stability: whether to stand firm regulated by the two principles of justice? His answer to this question is contained in a collection of lectures Political Liberalism (Political Liberalism). The Rals introduced the idea of pervasive consensus, agreement on the basis of justice as well as good relations between citizens of different religious and philosophical views on the world (ie, different notions of good). In the same section introduced the term public reason - ways of reasoning common to all citizens. Rawls 's A Theory of Justice (Theory of Justice 1971) is the most important normative work of political philosophy
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Her work, The roots of totalitarianism (The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951), caused many controversies of the last century, particularly with regard to the withdrawal of parallels between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union under Stalin (regardless of the obvious ideological inconsistencies and bloody war from 1941 to 1945th
Carl Joachim Friedrich, (1901-1984)
Constitutionalism | New Century
He is a professor of numerous universities. His work on the law and constitutionalism made him one of America 's leading political theorists in the period after World War II. Karl Friedrich was a German, born in Leipzig. He was educated at several universities, a doctorate is in Heidelberg, and immediately began to build a distinguished career of political theorists. He taught at Harvard until his retirement in 1971, and then in the UK. He also worked on Letters and occupied important positions advisor. His most important works are Kons
(Joseph Schumpeter, 1883-1950)
Democracy | Marxism | New Age |
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His most famous work is the Elements di Scienza Politica (1923 g.).
Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)
Elite | New Age | Sociologists
Born in 1884, the son of a Genoese and French women, Pareto studied engineering at the University of Turin. The five-year program of civil engineering, of which the first two years were devoted to mathematics, deeply influenced the Pareto future perspective. His first work, Cours d 'economie politique (1896-1897), contained a well-known law of distribution of income, a complex mathematical formulation which he tried to prove that the distribution of income and wealth in society is not accidental, but that it has historically performed by a consistent pattern, in all societies, in all parts of the world.
(Carl Schmitt, 1888-1985)
Absolute State | Constitutionalism | German right | New Age | Religion and
Justice Clarence Thomas was nominated to be on the Supreme Court in 1991 and was described by Halliburton as “an honor that was to carry Clarence Thomas to the height of fame and to the brink of disaster” (13). As it pertains to his position on the court and how he functions in various cases he can be described by many words: conservative, originalist, even a textualist. These characteristics have influenced the interpretation of laws and the Constitution since the nineties unto today. The Fourth Amendment states: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Do you think the World is an inch away from becoming in totalitarianism? Animal farm, by George Orwell, is a novel about razor-edged fairy tale that was written about a farm taken by its intelligent, mistreated Animals who believe their freedom is taken away in a devastated totalitarian society. It also include how the Animals on the farm are set out to create their own progress of justice and equality from the human beings. There are numerous differences between totalitarian society in the book and in America today, but there is multiply similarities too. A similarities of totalitarian in the book is that totalitarian is represented by Propaganda, which Propaganda is used to spread idea’s everyday.
Rawls was not happy whit the original arguments about what makes a social institution just. The utilitariam argument says that societies should pursue the greatest good for the greatest number. This argument has many problems, excpecially that it seems to be consistant with the belief of majorities over minorities. The institution argument holds that human intuit what is wright or wrong by some innate moral sense. Rawls attempts to provide a good account of social justice through the social contract approach.
Thomas Paine’s influential essays, titled The Rights of Man and Common Sense, argue that humans are born with natural rights. Paine views human natures as essentially good, but capable of evil. In order to contain this evil there needs to exist an over-arching institution that would provide stability and peace. Paine argued that the government would play this role. However, he viewed the government as a necessary evil.
In our society, people are either born rich and powerful, having the rights and opportunities that those who are born into lower-class would not have. So why should we live in a government system where we allow these inequities to happen? In Justice, Michael J. Sandel discusses John Rawls’ arguments over defining a just society. Rawls believes that “we should reject the contention that the ordering of institution is always defective because the distribution of natural talents and the contingencies of social circumstance are unjust, and this injustice must inevitably carry over to human arrangements. Occasionally this reflection is offered as an excuse for ignoring injustice, as if refusal to acquiesce in injustice is on par with being unable to accept death.
After World War I had ended in November 11, 1918 with the victory of the Allies, the people of many nations were in distraught. They had sought the leader they hoped would bring back their nations glory and prosperity. Some even hoped for even better than before the World War. Through all this chaos and distraught even more had been produced as few stepped up to lead the people of the nations. These few people had held all the power through a totalitarian government which centralizes all the government’s power to one person known as a dictator.
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in a collectivist society. Ayn Rand lived through communism and she saw nazisim,in her book she gives an example of a collectivist society, she uses this novel to warn people about what could happen if we lived in a society like that. Ayn Rand uses her novela ANTHEM to explore the theme of individualism by having Equality discover light, by defing society, and discovering that ones self respect is the most important thing in the universe.
Comparison of Marx and Weber for their approach about state and society: Max Weber is one of the philosophers able to explain economic systems such as capitalism. He was born in Germany in 1864 at that time there were a dramatic change in Germany in terms of industrial so there were a transitional German period and that influenced by those changes happened. Max Weber has a specific ideology about state and society. Inconstant, Karl Marx was a sociologist who were born in Germany in 1818, his idea and ideology about state and society are revolutionary. In addition, he was influenced by the Communist party and he worked as a journalist, he wrote a number of books and articles about capitalism, state, and society.
Ashleigh Murphy 9/26/16 English 3A Ms. Abriani Research Project Thomas Paine 's essays Common Sense and The Crisis are two pieces of literature that relate to the common people, and with it’s message helped instill hope in those unsure of what the outcome for their country, their families, and their freedom would be. These writings have inspired everyone and anyone willing to read it because his literature pieces appealed to all who were interested. No man was superior to another when it came to these essays, because everyone was capable of understanding them. The main points of these writings reflected the main problems between British and American Independence, and his goals were to unify America as one nation.
Eleanor Roosevelt was a Humanitarian because she was an advocate for human and civil rights, she taught at inner city schools and changed the way women were treated in the government. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. At age 15 Eleanor enrolled at Allenswood, a girls’ boarding school outside London, where she was taught by the French headmistress, Marie Souvestre. Souvestre was an advocate of social responsibility and independence for young women. Her curiosity and desire to have greatness in everything caused Eleanor to become interested in these same fields.
Political theorists, whether they are realists, or liberalists, over the centuries, have come into conflict over what they believe to be the utmost important task of the state. Hobbes believes the most important task of the state is to ensure law and order, rooting his argument in the idea of a sovereign ruler. On the other hand, Rawls, a modern theorist, firmly believes that a state should focus on realising justice within their society. While a utopian society cannot be achieved by either of these theories, I will highlight why Rawls was right in his assumption that the main focus of a state should be to ensure justice for all within their nation, through analysing and comparing the conflicting arguments of Hobbes and Rawls.
WHAT IS CONSERVATISM? In the world today, and throughout recent history, conservatism has been an important part of political ideologies. The word, conservatism comes from the Latin alphabet and it means to guard and embowering. But in politics, there is no exact explanation for conservatism.
In Rawls’ paper, “Two Concepts of Rules”, he sheds light on fact that a distinction between justifying a practice and actions that fall under said practice, must be made. This distinction, according to Rawls is crucial in the debate between Utilitarianism and Retributivism, more specifically in defending the Utilitarian view against common criticisms, which will be addressed further in this essay. This essay will be examining the troubling moral question that Rawls addresses; The subject of punishment, in the sense of attaching legal penalties to the violation of legal rules. Rawls acknowledges that most people hold the view that punishing, in broad terms, is an acceptable institution. However, there are difficulties involved with accepting
On the other hand, while philosopher Robert Nozick paid a generous tribute to the brilliance of Rawls’ philosophical construction, he provides a rejection to Rawls’ claims from a libertarian perspective. Libertarians have the desire to divide and limit power. That is, government will be limited generally through a written constitution limiting the powers that the people delegate to government (Boaz, 2015). Nozick stated that Rawls’ idea would have resulted in the restriction of free choice or forced distribution within the society.
Heisenberg was one of the world’s most influential physicists during the 20th century. He is best known as one of the founders for quantum mechanics, the new physics of the atomic world, and especially for the uncertainty principle in quantum theory. Also, is recognized for his controversial role as a leader for Germany’s nuclear fission research throughout World War II (Cassidy). Werner Karl Heisenberg was born on December 5 1901 in the city of Würzburg in the southern German state of Bavaria (Cassidy). At the time of Heisenberg’s birth, Germany was nearing the last few years of the monarchy, which eventually collapsed after World War I. Teachers and German professors took part in Germany’s high middle class.