The term pericardium is derived from the Greek prefix peri- (“around”) and kardia (“heart”), implying a structure that envelops or encloses the heart. Morphologically, the pericardium is a fluid-filled sac-like structure that surrounds the heart.
Anatomic Structure
The pericardium is a double-walled structure, made up of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. The fibrous layer is a single, connective tissue layer, made up of collagen (type I and type III mainly) and elastin fibers; it is elastic and yet non-distensible. This layer of the pericardium is held in position cranially by its membranous folds interdigitating with the tunica adventitia of the great vessels; caudally by ligaments connecting to the central tendon of the diaphragm;
…show more content…
The parietal layer lines the inner regions of the fibrous pericardium, while the visceral layer lines the outer layer of the heart and therefore it is called epicardium.
Pericardial Cavity
A void space found among the two linings of serous pericardium is called pericardial cavity, which encircles the heart. Between the parietal and visceral layer is the pleural cavity, which holds the pleural fluid. About 20–30 ml in volume, this serous fluid acts as a lubricant and minimizes friction between the epicardium and parietal layer as the heart muscles expand and contract with the beating of the heart. Thus, the pericardial cavity allows the heart movement to be flexible.
The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart totally except at the inlet and outlet of the cardiac vessels, where they form two significant tubes. One of the tubes serves as an interconnection to the inferior and superior vena cava and the pulmonary veins, whereas the other connects the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
Blood Supply and Innervation of the
…show more content…
There are two such sinuses in the pericardial cavity: the transverse pericardial sinus and the oblique pericardial sinus. Both these are formed during embryonic folding of the heart tube during ontogeny.
The reflections (folds) of the serosal layer result in the formation of a set of complex tubes, one enclosing the aorta and the pulmonary trunk and the other enclosing the superior and inferior vena cave and the pulmonary veins. This results in a transverse sinus across the pericardium that separates the arterial blood vessels and the venous blood vessels. The index finger can pass though the transverse sinus, which helps surgeons to identify the blood vessels of the heart during coronary artery bypass surgery.
Oblique sinus is formed by reflection of the pericardial membranes onto the pulmonary veins. It is bounded by the inferior vena cava and by the right pulmonary veins on one side and the left pulmonary veins on the other.
Functions of the Pericardium
The pericardium is known to have some specific functions:
• Tethering: pericardium holds the heart in place within the cardiac
Introduction Pericardial pathology is commonly encountered in clinical practice and may present either as an isolated process or in association with other systemic disorders. Only a part of cases
It shows a trachea of the silkworm which carries oxygen from the openings within the surface of its body or spiracles. The tracheal tubes are divided into a branch of
The Heart Outline Now that the cardiospheres have formed into cardiac patches containing beats throughout, it is time to create a heart outline. Since the cardiospheres fused successfully, I believe that when many of these patches are made, they all can be aligned in the shape of a human heart, so the many patches can all fuse as one. To successfully do this, I will be using a technique where half of the heart will be made using an outline by covering it with these patches for them to mature into strong multicellular cardiac tissues. An outline of the heart to make the two pieces will be used. Once the cells have filled in the outline of the heart, the outline will be slowly removed to keep the structure intact.
It has an inner (visceral) layer which is next to the lung and an outer (parietal) layer that covers the chest wall. The two layers slide over each other as we breath and membranes in the lungs
It inserts in the linea alba, by an aponeurosis that fuses with the weakly developed dorsal leaf of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique to form the dorsal wall of the sheath of the rectus abdominis. The fibers are directed downward and slightly backward (Bensley and Craigie, 1948). The remaining internal portion of the wall is a smooth serous membrane forming the parietal peritoneum (peritonaeum parietale) (Bensley and Craigie,
The anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are made of cartilage and the posterior wall is made up of elastic ligament. The trachea is circular and is covered with columnar epithelium. The air then passes through the two main bronchi supplied to each lung and then on into the bronchioles ending up in the small alveoli which are little sacs. Gas exchange takes place by a process called diffusion which is when the gases move from a high concentration to a low concentration. Diffusion takes place through the alveoli and the blood.
On the other hand, cardiac and smooth muscles were characterized by their auto-rhythmicity. The contraction and relaxation of muscles were made possible through the ability of filaments inside sarcomeres to slide
The heart is a hollow muscle that is centered in the cardiovascular system and pumps the blood throughout the body. It is characteristic is the cardiac muscle with a small size and many mitochondria. They contain very rare of cell nuclei and intercalated discs that specialized connections of intercellular. This organ is made up of four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The atriums collect the blood from the pulmonary circulation while the ventricles pump the into the systemic circulation.
The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the ribs, vertebral column, and sternum. This cavity contains the lungs, heart, and major blood vessels which carry blood to
A septum in the heart is located between the left and right ventricle chambers. The septum is a muscular wall that separates the deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle from the oxygenated blood in the left ventricle. A damaged septum is commonly called a ‘Ventricular Septal Defect’ and describes a condition where there is a hole between the 2 ventricles, the oxygenated blood from the left, flows into the right ventricle instead of being pumped to the body. The main cause of a damaged septum between the 2 ventricles, is being born with one. As a result of a damaged septum, the heart has to pump a lot harder for the oxygenated blood to reach all over the body.
Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube about 25 cm (10 inches) long and pierces the diaphragm on its way to the stomach (Fig. 6-78). It is the passageway between the pharynx and the stomach. “Each end of the esophagus is encircled by muscular sphincters that act as valves to regulate passage of material. The upper esophageal sphincter in the cervical part of the esophagus helps prevent air entering the esophagus during
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF AORTIC ARCHES IN VERTEBRATES DEFINITION: Aortic arches are also called as pharyngeal arteries. They are vascular structures that emerge from the ventricle of the heart. There are 6 pairs of these arches in embryonic stages which give rise to several major arteries later. They arise from the aortic sac and are present on the ventral and dorsal aorta.
Sternotomy/Thoracotomy implantation [5]: Ball mechanical valve – based on the blood flow direction the ball present in the contraption will move and change its direction. The valve will open when the aortic pressure increases causing the ball to be pushed away from the heart causing the blood to flow into the aorta. This in turn will cause pressure drop in the ventricles causing the ball to be sucked backwards. There is no central blood flow through this type of valve. In order for the blood to push the ball to allow blood flow, the heart has to apply greater pressure than in the normal conditions.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallbladder Gallbladder is a pear shaped structure organ ,which is inferior to interlobar fissure between right and left hemiliver. Gallbladder is divided into three parts ; Neck, Body and fundus. Gallbladder is located in right hypochondrium region that is inferior surface of right lobe of liver. Keep in mind; When patient take meal.
The thoracic oesophagus is situated a little to the left in the superior mediastinum between the trachea and the vertebral column. It passes behind and to the right of the aortic arch to descend in the posterior mediastinum along the right side of the descending thoracic aorta. Below, as it inclines left, it crosses anterior to the aorta and enters the abdomen through the diaphragm at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. From above downwards, the trachea, right pulmonary artery, left main bronchus, pericardium (separating it from the left atrium) and the diaphragm are anterior. The vertebral column, longus colli, right posterior intercostal arteries, thoracic duct, azygos vein and the terminal parts of the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos