Grave Site One
DNA basics o DNA was extracted from powdered bone of each skeleton.
Handled with extreme care since it could easily be contaminated. o Standard techniques for recovering DNA yielded only small amounts of DNA
It was sufficient enough to try to do nucDNA testing using STR
• Used to determine the sex of the skeleton o Showed that the three adolescent remains were female
• Used to determine if the skeletons were related o Five of the nine were part of the same family group
Nuclear DNA (nucDNA) o Five STR makers were used to confirm the sex of each skeleton o Used to established a familial relationship of the Romanov family
Romanov family identified
• Tsar Nicholas II
• Tsarina Alexandra
• Three young female skeletons o Grand
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Georgij was exhumed and a sample was taken along with a fresh sample from Nicholas …show more content…
It was found that Georgij had the same point of heteroplasmy but was in a different ratio, he was mostly 16169 C/t while Nicholas was mostly 16169 T/c
Skeleton o Complicated to determine the number of individuals
The grave contained damaged and fragmented bone lying in disorder
• More than 900 pieces of bones, teeth, and bone fragments were examined o Determined that there was nine individual skeletons o Identifying the skeletons
No reliable records for information such
He stumbled upon two sarcophagi, one for Queen Hatshepsut and another for her father. However, both were empty. For years, the riddle has focused on a separate tomb known as KV60. Inside KV60, Howard Carter discovered coffins filled with mummified geese. When the geese were removed, he discovered coffins of two women laying side by side.
Forensic testing suggests the corpses of Nicholas, Alexandra and three of their children were among the bodies. British scientists compared their DNA with samples of Anderson’s hair, and found no match. However, Anderson did seem to have extremely similar DNA results to blood samples taken from the grand-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska”(Mystery Files; Anastasia/Anna Anderson). The moment pneumonia took over the body, Anderson’s DNA was tested and even with the advancements in DNA testing technology, was found to have no relation with the Tsar and Tsarina.
To begin, the group of scientists are centered in Egypt as they retrace King Tut's steps in life. They revisit his tomb uncovering 2 fetuses which are predicted to be his children and can be tested properly with modern science. Additionally, two females mummies were recently uncovered in the Valley of Kings. One of which is said to be Ankhesenamun, King Tut's wife and sister. Once the main archeologist take the mummies back to the forensic scientists, they begin taking DNA samples from their bone marrow to compare with King Tut's DNA.
In the rare cases where both the skeletal remains and grave goods are present it was determined that “about the only implements found exclusively in the graves of one sex are blacksmith’s tools in male graves.” Weapons such as spears,
A DNA molecule is composed of two complementary chains of four different types of nucleotides. Although more than 99.9% length of the human DNA (nucleotide) sequence is shared by all individuals, the remaining one thousandth is highly variable and specific to each person. As long as DNA molecules can be extracted from a single piece of bone, then amplified to an amount enough to sequence them, the bone will be sufficient to figure out the identity information unique to few individuals within a large population, sometimes to a single person. Because of this technology, the judgment of a soldier’s death will not need statures estimation from lengths of limbs, age prediction with pelvic bones, dental comparison, but just an alignment of a string of letter code (nucleotide sequence in a DNA) obtained from his bones with those from his relatives (conventional methods still play supportive roles as a single type of DNA identification alone is insufficient to determine one soldier’s identity). A person’s identity is not just his height, sex, race, and age, but a long array of A, T, C, G (four types of
Brier uses this evidence to suggest that he could have sustained a substantial hit to the head. R.G. Harris was the original examiner of the X ray, and he could not conclude that the injury was intentional. He structures this argument through considering the history of mummy studies. He brings information from many different studies.
Other experts, however, rejected the hypothesis of homozygous sickle cell disease based on survival beyond the age of 5 and the location of the osteonecrosis, which is characteristic of Freiberg-Kohler syndrome rather than sickle cell disease. Research conducted in 2005 by archaeologists, radiologists, and geneticists, who performed CT scans on the mummy found that he was not killed by a blow to the head, as previously thought. New CT images discovered congenital flaws, which are more common among the children of incest. Siblings are more likely to pass on twin copies of harmful genes, which is why children of incest more commonly manifest genetic defects. It is suspected he also had a partially cleft palate, another congenital
Through extensive research and investigation of graves, scientists are able to receive lots of data about the people living at the time. The author presented the information about the
“On September 20th, 1986 a young woman was killed and, left behind at the scene, was a piece of DNA that investigators hoped would help solve the case” (Biemesderfer). There was no way to identify people yet. Nowadays, you can identify whose footprint it is by investigators and
DNA from the actual parents - Use these chromosomes to make a baby for the DNA profile. Sample D D 248 BP___TPOX #2 Pater. Chromo D 145 BP_D5
At the time of the discovery of the tomb, science was not as advanced, so the propagation of the idea that he was murdered lasted a long time. As technology advanced, researchers took another look at the mummy. Molecular Egyptology is ushering in a whole new study of ancient Egypt and the family relationships as well as the afflictions of King Tutankhamun and his
The two story traditional Victorian house exploded and engulfed in flames to eliminate evidence. After the charred bodies were recovered from the fire, tissue samples were obtained to identify each victim, using DNA, which is the molecule responsible for transmitting all hereditary information passed on from one generation to the next (Johll pg. 409, 2007). To determine the cause of death, an autopsy was performed and tissue samples from each victim. Among the evidence recovered after the fire was a single syringe, which was fully intact and sent for analysis.
This DNA sample was tested to determine if the DNA left on Mary Sullivan was a match. This proved to not be a match. This shows some suspicion to the final verdict of the
DNA in Forensic Science DNA is the carrier of genetic information in humans and other living organisms. It has become a very useful tool in forensic science since it was discovered. In forensic science, DNA testing is used to compare the genetic structure of two individuals to establish whether there is a genetic relationship between them. One example of the use of DNA in forensic science that is important in biology today is comparing a suspect’s DNA profile to DNA that was discovered at a crime scene.
According to Zohi Hawass’ article on King Tut’s Family Secrets, mummies lead archaeologists and scholars to contradicting feelings about whether they should be studied or not. Inspecting Tutankhamun’s body, artifacts and two fetuses found in the tomb drove archaeologists to pose questions needing answers. CT scan assisted in determining that Tutankhamun was nineteen years old when dying, had a broken leg, and skull’s hole. Moreover, using DNA analysis displayed Tutankhamun’s clubbed foot, missing toe’s bone, and disease’s pathogen. Both CT scan and DNA analysis helped archaeologists discover Tutankhamun’s complex family relationship and how his family sibling marriage led them to suffer from genetic diseases.