1. Describe/explain the life of Socrates. (Special attention: Why didn’t he write anything?)
Socrates was born in Athens, Greece around 470 BC. In the time, he was well known for his conversational and teaching skills but he never actually wrote anything so everything we know about his life comes from the texts of his students Aristophanes, Xenophon and the most famous one, Plato. It is impossible to know why Socrates never wrote anything, but some conclusions can be made from the texts his students wrote. Socrates lived in a time of oral tradition because paper and books were hard to find and afford and most of the teachings and business were done through speaking instead of writing. There is also an indication that he didn’t want to write anything or that his students wrote anything because he wanted them to create their own thoughts and knowledge out of his teachings, because writing and reading instead of
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The philosophical life/life of study –intellectual contemplation which responds to our rational side. It means to naturally have the interest and curiosity because for Aristotle the education is the cultivation of the character.
10. How does Aristotle define moral virtue in Nicomachean Ethics II, 1107a1-3? Explain the various parts of this definition.
Virtue, then, is (a) state that decides, (b) consisting in mean, (c) the mean relative to us, (d) which is defined by reference to the reason, (e) i.e., to the reason by reference to which the intelligent person would define it.
(a) Aristotle claims that each virtue is a state of character that influences decision-making. It 's a character trait or tendency, a disposition (to make certain decisions, behave in a certain way, etc.) (1106a20)
(b) Virtue must constitute a middle ground between two extremes: an excess and a deficiency (1107a4)
(c) But the mean may not be the same for everybody, as arithmetic means are (1107a7)
(d-e) Mean is where prudent person would put it. (person possessing common
Knights, lords, ladies, magical creatures, nobility, and honor all encompass medieval literature. Sir Gawain and The Green Knight also contain many of these elements. In this ancient medieval tale, Sir Gawain, the noble knight and nephew of King Arthur, must endure extreme obstacles to reach his destiny. Gawain is portrayed as a man with virtuous character; seen by the reader with his acts of loyalty and courage, honesty, and self-control. In the midst of immoral situations and temptations, Sir Gawain clings to his moral values, remaining a virtuous and honorable knight.
In Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Book ll, he explains that virtue is a habit of right action, formed by acting rightly (Nicomachean Ethics, p. 71). What he means by this is that everyone has the chance to act virtuously, but we must for work at doing what is right. Aristotle thought we should be virtuous because if we live virtuously than we will have a better life over
Socrates is quoted as stating, “An unexamined life is a life not worth living” (38 a). Socrates was a founding figure of western philosophy, and a stable for many ideas. He lived in Athens, Greece teaching his students, like Plato, questioning politics, ethical choices, and many other things in Greek society. In the Trial and death of Socrates: Four Dialogues by Plato, it explores the abstract questioning Socrates had towards many of the normal social properties, which led to his trial, resulting in his death. The most important aspects discussed in the dialogues is the questioning of what is pious and impious, what it means to be wise, and good life.
Virtue ethics are ethical theories which focus on moral character rather than right action. The main focus of Aristotle’s ethics is on the person’s character, you must try to become a person with good character regardless of thinking about any end, outcome, happiness, consequence, action, reward or punishment. If you will be able to have a good and virtuous character right actions will take place automatically. The actions of a person with good character are right actions and the actions of a person with a bad character are wrong actions. Virtue ethics do not require you to focus on doing your duty or on actions that would bring about good consequences.
According to Aristotle, virtue is defined as a disposition to behave in the right manner and exists as a state between two extremes: deficiency and excess. These extremes are vices. For example, when donating to a charity, you should be doing so for the right reason, and not for personal gain. Aristotle also would say that it would be unwise to donate an insignificant amount, say a penny, but also not your entire life savings. In this case, donating a penny represents an extreme deficiency, while donating your entire life savings represents an extreme excess.
Making enemies and becoming the topic of conversation, the Athenians began to view Socrates as a threat to their beliefs and way of life and sought to end it. In order to end this, Socrates was accused of blasphemy (Mod1SlideC7). Socrates’s accusers took him to court and after Socrates did not play their game by asking to be sent into exile, and in the end, he was sentenced to death. After reading the textbook and Plato’s writing influenced by Socrates, I realized that in the period of his life Socrates was indeed truly a threat to the Athens society, because he looked for answers that no one else bothered to find which challenged their culture.
In his book Nicomanchean Ethics Aristotle explains and differentiates voluntary and involuntary actions and expatiate on all the factor that contribute in deciding on the nature of our actions. The purpose of this differentiation is essential for the study of virtue ethics and more importantly for the study of jurisprudence “to the assigning of both of honors and of punishments” onto individuals. Aristotle firstly describes factors that causes actions to be involuntary or voluntary, such as ignorance, compulsion and choice. The understanding of such factors and their relation to our actions are also important to understand the principles explained by Aristotle. Voluntary actions is defined by Aristotle as actions that have their principle
Question 2- Aristotle Aristotle wrote Nicomachean Ethics in which he explains what his notion of virtue is and how it relates to good. Also, he demonstrates the relationship between virtue and character, how virtue develops character. Furthermore, he explains his belief of the good life for humans. According to Aristotle, virtue is a disposition to act or to behave in a particular manner.
Socrates Socrates once stated, “As for me, all I know is that I know nothing” ("Socrates Quotes.") Socrates was a Greek Philosopher who is also known as the father of Western Philosophy. He created philosophy methods and taught a group of philosophers including Plato. It is said that Socrates had did not leave any written records of his works or his thoughts. Socrates was born circa 470 BC in Athens, Greece and died in 399 BC in Athens, Greece (O'Neill, W. H. "Socrates." )
Socrates view of an authentic life is based on his point of view that " an unexamined life is one not worth living." He thinks that you shouldn't let society tell you what to believe in and that you shouldn't live your life based on society's opinions. In addition, Socrates felt that one needs to examine his surroundings and come out with their own ideas and conclusions, thus gather more knowledge about the world you live in. The most important values when trying to live an authentic life is to always want to learn and understand topics that you might not know yet and to also want to further study and examined those that you do know. He believed that even if you felt you were wise in a certain topic, that you shouldn't fool yourself into
In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses a variety of subjects in order to find virtue and moral character. One of the virtues that Aristotle defines is friendship. Aristotle believes that there are different types of friendship; that of utility, pleasure, and virtue. Aristotle describes a friendship of utility as easily dissolved.
Not much was left from him due to the fact that he did not write too much. Most of what we know for Socrates comes from his loyal student Plato. They both defended the same discipline of thought that the knowledge is the ultimate virtue and it can be acquired by anyone. Following his teacher who was sentenced to death for impiety, Plato was disappointed with democracy and as a result started to establish a new solid ground for ethics and politics. By doing so, he again puts into question the relativism of sophists.
The good that he claims all people are trying to achieve is Eudaimonia, or happiness. This ultimate telos can be achieved by practicing arête (virtues). Arête is whatever makes a thing an outstanding specimen of its kind. Aristotle splits virtues into two different categories,
Virtue in his term is one that can meet the highest point of happiness; rich, fame, power, etc. In today’s society, it is kindness, intelligence, friendlessness, courage, etc. He would consider a celebrity to be at the highest peak of virtue and gain happiness, however, the happiness is normally attained even at that height. Someone who is poor and is sacrificing their food and money to help another poor family is someone to be considered as a true virtuous person. Aristotle didn’t think of how differently society would be then and now.
Virtue ethics started drawing attention since the modern ethics exposed its limitation and reconsideration about the priority was needed. Contemporary ethics focus on “What we should do”, instead of “What kind of person we should do”. In consequence, the moral codes in modern era solely emphasizes moral duty and rules, while neglecting personality and character of individuals. Virtue ethics support the traditional criterion that consider moral virtue and personality of individuals as important. The virtue of good engineer includes creativity, good understanding of culture, morality, and capability of communication.