2) Estimation of Urinary Iron-
The standard method (the ammonium persulphate technique) was used for estimating the level of iron in the urine. Urine is digested with ammonium persulphate. Iron present in the urine acts like a catalyst in the reduction of ceric ammonium sulphate (yellow) to cerous ammonium sulphate (colourless). The degree of disappearance of the yellow colour is a measure of iron content in the urine. A standard curve plotted during the analysis was used to extrapolate the concentration of iron in the urine samples (Sandell and Kolthoff, 1937).
Reagents and Chemicals- Potassium iodate, Ammonium persulphate, Ceric ammonium sulfate, Arsenic trioxide, Sodium chloride, conc. Sulphuric acid and distilled water.
Quantitative method based on
…show more content…
Apparatus-
Chromatography column: C18 (10 microns particle size), with Guard column
Flow rate: 1.2ml/min
Pressure: 30-40kgf
Wavelength: 326nm
Mobile phase: methanol : water (95:5 v/v)
Internal standard: retinyl acetate
Injection volume: 20µl
Procedure for Retinol extraction from serum samples-
1) 100 µl of serum sample and 100 µl of Retinyl acetate were added into 12 X 100mm glass test tubes. Vortex-mixed for 30 seconds. Then, kept them at 4 C for 5 mins.
2) 1mL of hexane was added and vortex-mixed intermittently for 60 sec.
3) Centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 12 mins. Upper hexane layer (supernatant) was transferred carefully into another test tube.
4) Evaporated the hexane under a stream of grade 1 nitrogen gas and added 100 µl of methanol to the residue left and vortexed for 1 min.
5) Injected 100 µl of extract in HPLC vials and closed properly.
Standard curves and calculations- Retinol was quantified from standard curves peak area for each vitamin.
Peak- area ratios of samples were converted to known quantities of retinol from the standard curves as
This addition aids in controlling the reproducibility and retention. Separation of the mixture via RP-HPLC can be done using continuous gradient or stepwise to move out the sample components. For every separation, the ideal gradient and volume must be
The goal of this experiment is to find out what is the identity of the unknown hydrate? To answer this question first, we should know what a hydrate, and how to identify a hydrate using the law of constant proportions. A hydrate is a pure substance because it contains water molecules embedded in its crystal structure that does not vary. By heating the unknown hydrate, we can calculate the mass of the hydrated, and the percentage of water in the hydrate.
Introduction The purpose of this lab was to use chemical and physical tests to identify indicators of disease in synthetic urine samples. This lab tested samples for protein levels, glucose levels, and pH levels. In a normally functioning individual, proteins cannot pass through the glomerulus; therefore proteins should not be found in urine. However, in the nephrons of individuals with Bright’s Disease, the glomerulus no longer stops all proteins from entering the urine (Giuseppe et al., 2002, pp.
Summary Determining the concentration of a liquid can be a tricky process involving complex procedures if it were not for science’s ability to test a substance’s absorbency through spectrophotometry. The experiment was carried out to discover the concentration of Red Dye #40 in several common soft drinks. The samples of the dye were diluted, and tested using a spectrophotometer. The absorbencies of these samples were then recorded, and a standard line curve with the concentration equation and R2 value was created with these results. Using the absorbencies of the dye samples, the concentrations of the soda samples were determined using the slope equation provided by the graphing software.
On average I consumed 34.54 mg of iron. Every day I consumed at least 29-32 mg of iron. To ensure I am eating enough iron I should eat dark leafy greens, oysters, muscles, fortified cereal, meats, beans and/or fish. e. How much iron is recommended for women and men (mg/d)?
After a while, a brownish color substance started to form on the three iron nails. We predicted that the brown substance on the nails is copper because the reaction of copper(II) chloride with iron is a single displacement reaction, so copper would be produced. 0.48 grams of iron was used in the reaction because 2.73 grams subtracted by 2.25 grams is 0.48 grams. The 0.48 grams of iron had to be used in the reaction with copper(II) chloride in order to produce copper, according to the reaction equation: CuCl2+FeFeCl2+Cu. 0.52 grams of copper was produced after pouring out the copper(II) chloride solution and the three iron
The sample was then incubated at 56°C to lyse the tissue. The sample was checked every fifteen minutes and vortexed between each checking for an hour and a half until the tissue was completely lysed. The tissue sample was then again vortexed. Next 200 microliters of buffer AL was added and
Iron carries oxygen from our lungs through the bloodstream and releases it in the body where it’s needed. Iron is built into the enzymes that do most of the chemical heavy lifting in our bodies, where it helps us to detoxify poisons and to convert sugars into energy.” Despite being a vital mineral, too much of anything can be detrimental for the human body; therefore, introducing
accordingly, we did not have to test for Ag+ since no precipitate formed and skipped the entire process for Ag+. carrying on to the next step we had to test for iron. Before we can start testing for iron. I had to prepare the solution, preparing the solution contained taking the supernate that we made from group one and adding the following; NH4Cl, NH3, water and (NH4)S to the solution along with adding
In chemistry, elements have properties that distinguish them from one another. Despite the various chemical properties, one of the most important physical properties is a property known as density. Density was first discovered in 250 BC by the Greek mathematician Archimedes when he compared real and fake gold by placing both in water. The key principle is that density will affect whether objects float or sink. If an object has a higher density than its surroundings, it will sink.
Tn 4351 was originally isolated from bacteroides fragilis [30] . The transposon was successfully introduced into Cytophaga succinicans, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Flexibacter canadiansis, Flexibacter strain SFI and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides by conjugation [25]. Tn 4351carries two antibiotic resistance gene. One of the codes for resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin which is expressed in bactroides but not in E.Coli. The other gene codes for resistance in tetracycline and is expressed in aerobically grpwn E. coli, but not in anaerobically grpwn E. coli or in bacteroides.
Copper Cycle Lab Report Ameerah Alajmi Abstract: A specific amount of Copper will undergo several chemical reactions and then recovered as a solid copper. A and percent recovery will be calculated and sources of loss or gain will be determined. The percent recovery for this experiment was 20.46%.
After a gram stain was done unknown #257 was identified as a gram positive organism because when observed under the microscope the organism appeared purple with cocci in clusters. The organism was also catalase positive which means that it produced enzyme catalase and bubbled when hydrogen peroxide was added to it. Three test were conducted based on the result of the gram staining procedure. Blood agar with a Novobiocin disk was chosen as well as DNase (DNA) and Mannitol Salts (MSA) agar. The Blood agar is a bright red, opaque plate and the streaking or the inoculation technique was a modified streaking for isolation with a heavy quadrant one.
The reagents used were Diphenylamine reagent which contains concentrated H2SO4. The standard solution used for this test is the deoxyribose standard solution. In the sample, only a faint blue solution appeared, which indicates a small presence of deoxyribose. In test for Phosphate, the standard solution was the Phosphate solution and the reagents used were concentrated H2SO4, concentrated HNO3, 2.5% ammonium molybdate solution.
For TLC profiling, 4 TLC plates were prepared for the testing of each solvent. As shown in Figure 1, the green food dye was placed at the bottom center, specifically 0.5 cm away from the bottom of the plate, with the use of a capillary tube. Each one of the silica plates were then vertically placed in a small beaker with its inside surrounded by a filter paper saturated with the solvent to be tested and a small amount of the same solvent at the bottom. The TLC plate was then taken out when the rising solvent was about to reach the top of plate. The ammonia: 1-butanol solvent was tested 7 times due to some personal