INTRODUCTION
Over the course of history, multiple theories have been developed over time to determine the relationship between the offender and the victim. One of these theories is Sellin and Wolfgang’s Typology of Victimization, which states that victims are subjected to their victimization depending on the situations that they are in. “With the emergence and popularity of positivism, criminals were assumed to be differentiated from others in the population...appeared logically consistent with this stance...Scarcely mentioned in that work is the would-be victim as an active agent making choices that affect criminal opportunity—instead, in these theories, criminals made their own opportunities,” (Berg and Schreck 2022). This meant that theories
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Sellin and Wolfgang’s theory likely gained this traction for not faulting the victim for a crime, as there would have been little to no observable or statistical information proving that offenders and victims had connectable behavior. On the other hand, it would be easy for scholars to observe that offenders behaved differently from victims through their knowledge of the offender previously committing a crime, proving their reasonable belief that offenders are completely different from victims and are solely responsible for a crime. Due to the rise of positivism, Sellin and Wolfgang’s Typology of Victimization, a theory based on victimization through situations the victim is put in, rose in credibility and usage by many scholars to determine the relationship between the offender …show more content…
Through victim blaming, society and the criminal justice process holds the victim accountable for the charges that are being pressed against the offender despite them having no fault. In many cases, victim blaming even contributes to the criminal justice process not occurring at all. An example of this would be in cases of sexual assault and rape. According to the Brennan Center for Justice, “nearly 80 percent of rapes and sexual assaults go unreported...The reality is, it’s very common for sexual assault survivors - most frequently, women - to decline to report the offense to police,” (Kimble 2018). In fact, the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, or RAINN, found that only 5.3% of rape and sexual assault offenders will face any prosecution at all, with only 2.5% being imprisoned for their crimes. RAINN also found that the main reason a survivor chose not to report their crime was due to them fearing retaliation from the offender and society through means like being blamed for the crimes committed against them, with 20% of cases being this way. This high rate of fear that survivors have of being blamed by society has prevented criminal prosecution from taking place against rape and sexual assault
* * * I feel that it would be impossible to ensure that there were the safeguards in place to protect society from your possible actions.” (victim parent, 2002). As empathetic starts, citizens will side with the victims of the defendant’s crimes because they belief the defendant’s crimes were out of evil and cruel torture and deserves all the punishment he can get and not get a break and let back to society where he has the ability to commit potential
However, even though they are usually not the ones at fault, nothing is ever said about the event. In a report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, it was found that 75 to 77 percent of sexual assaults, attempted rapes, and completed rapes were never reported (“Sexual Assault and Rapes”). Furthermore, the blame of the whole event was never put on the person responsible. Instead, the victim was blamed for not denying the advances, or for not making themselves clearer in their intents(“Sexual Assault and Rapes”). This huge chip to carry often leaves the victims feeling isolated, scared, full of shame, depressed, and with a low self-esteem(“Sexual Assault and Rapes”).
In the book, Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in College Town, by Jon Krakauer, the reader delves into how rape and sexual assault are treated in the town of Missoula, and the University of Montana. As the reader, we are informed on how the university, the police department, the district attorney’s office, and the community reacted to these rape and sexual assault allegations. We see how the criminal justice system has failed the victims, and are forced to live with what happened to them, while their assailants are free of any burden. The law is set in place to protect people from victimization, but when the men, in this book, are not legally held accountable, then any woman, or man, is more susceptible to victimization. It is interesting
This is another reason why the case may have resulted the way it did, but that doesn’t stop people from fighting back. Not only is substance abuse and statistics a big factor, but barriers to reporting is a main component that correlates with the case. “Recent research has found that 40% of college students believed that a woman was responsible for being raped if she was intoxicated at the time of the assault” (Schwarz, Jill, et al., 2). These statistics lead many woman who are assaulted to stay silent about it. It is also known that some girls stay quiet about their assault because it is believed to be misunderstanding or it is the “norm”.
The correlation from the countries highlighted with the issue at hand is society’s global response, which is ignoring the issue. Victims are have self-learned through society’s response towards sexual assault and rape is to keep quiet and to be ashamed that it happened to them. Victim’s result to blaming themselves and thinking things such as: “I drank to much”, “It happened because of what I was wearing”, or “I didn’t fight back hard enough”. In countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Dar Fur sexual assault and rape cases are not talked about or ever recognized, but used as a weapon of war. In Spain and the United States such cases can be brought to trail but are extremely hard to try in court.
It is estimated in the U.S that rape or attempted rape occurs every five minutes. It is documented that 46% of criminals charged for rape become apprehended within three years of being released for different criminal activity.
In general, people labeled as victims often feel guilty for being a victim and do not report the offense. In cases of sexual harassment between students, both classmates and administrators often victim blame the female in the situation. Victim blaming claims that women caused the harassment by dressing and acting inappropriately. “[These] judgements create an environment in which it becomes unlikely that the target of harassment will feel justified and supported in claiming her rights” (Chamberlain). However, sexual harassment “is a part of the larger framework of oppression that subordinates females to male in a complex, deeply enculturated patriarchal system of compulsory heterosexuality” (Chamberlain).
When I first learned about rape, and sexual violence in general, I assumed that every victim reported their abuse, and every rapist went to jail. Once I learned that the reality was the opposite of my beliefs, I was confused. I did not understand why someone would not go to the police and seek out charges against their assaulters. Yet, the stories of Frances Thompson and the victim of Nate Parker, illustrate the extreme dangers that come along with reporting. Moreover, I am currently worried about the details that have been released in the Derek Rose rape case, and what may happen to the victim in this situation.
They tend to seek help in their campus administrators and they do not provide resources, support that will help the victims, instead, they ask blaming questions. The administrator is more interested in what the victim was wearing and how drunk they were. Victim blaming is when a victim of a crime is held responsible or blamed for the harm being committed. These victims are quickly blamed for their offender's actions and live in fear of running into their offender again on campus. Approximately about 88% of women do not report; victim blaming has caused a silent effect in which women are embarrassed by reporting.
About ninety-seven percent of rapists never spend one single day in prison, whether there is a lack of evidence or the victim simply cannot report it because he or she is terrified of being killed or the chances of it happening
Much of the twentieth century, crime and punishment has provided some of the most powerful signs of the racial split in America (Rosich,2007). For example, African Americans accounted for 89 percent of the prison population executed for rape between the years of 1930 and 1972 (U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000). The question that has been raised is not who, what, when but is why? Could the answer possibly be that, though criminal activity has no face, no gender, race, or ethnic background that people are always looking for a scapegoat of some sort to make sure someone pays the dues of the crime that has been committed?
One of the main reasons many victims choose not to report sexual assault is distrust in law enforcement and the belief that nothing would be done to help them. A report done by the Sexual Assault Among Latinas Study showed that many victims spoke with their families about what happened, but very few victims sought help from the criminal justice department. According to the study, only 6.6% of the women involved sought help from law enforcement, and 33%
What impact has the social construction of crime had on fear of crime, our view of victims and offenders and resulting criminal justice policy? The media has been influential in shaping the way society thinks about certain issues, including crime. This essay argues that social construction has a negative impact on society’s view of the fear of crime, victims, and offenders. It’ll also study how social construction affects government policy.
Do victim precipitation theories mean victim blaming? Explain and evaluate. 1.0 Introduction of victim precipitation Victim precipitation theories generally involve an explanation of how an individual’s behavior may contribute to his or her own victimization. In future the victim precipitation is behavior by a victim that initiates subsequent behavior of the victimizer and the degree to which victim is responsible for own victimization Early attempts at studying victim behavior involved the development of typologies that allowed victimol-ogists to determine who was most responsible for the criminal incident offender or victim. For instance, Wolfgang first introduced the formal concept of victim precipitation in his seminal work on homicide in 1958 when he argued that, in some instances, the victim may initiate the behavior of the victimizer .
The disadvantage of this approach is the fact that it does not focus on the victim instead it justifies the offender’s actions by regarding them as patients and victims of dysfunctional societies Restitution