Case Study: Joe Hogan

Over the course of the year we have touched on many different topics of gender studies and politics. The topic that appealed to me the most was the Equal Rights Amendment. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is an amendment that was invented to obtain equal rights for both males and females in society. In 1972 the ERA was sent to the states to be ratified but the amendment fell two states short and was therefore not included in the constitution. In this article, many scholars argue that the ERA is needed to increase the standard of law that is now used to settle sex discrimination cases. They also believe it would help women that believe they are being denied equal rights. These assumptions

The 14th Amendment was a milestone in the United States history. It is the sole amendment that keeps our people and their rights together. The rights of the people are a major aspect to keeping the American society going in a positive direction. With no rights, the government of the United States would be purely communism with one leader giving all of the orders. In most cases, history has proven that way of running your society is not the most successful way of doing things. Other than the American citizens, another major factor that the 14th Amendment affects is the education system. Keeping the equality between all students is key in today's world. One of the most grossing arguments is on how to have total equality with all races, genders

I believe that Title IX policy has many pros and cons. I feel that some of the pros include equal opportunities in education and sports. I believe that this policy was placed in effect with the intent to stop discrimination and provide equality for men and women. Another pro includes the attempt to help women become equal and grow in order to become highly reputable in the community. On the other hand, I believe the cons involve the possibility of decreased funding if the school fails to provide rationale if the number of men and women participants in sports is not equal. I also do not agree that it would be fair men's sports had to help funds women's sports or vice versa. I think Title IX has good intentions in such the attempt to stop discrimination and sex segregation, but I feel that individuals' whom have power over applications, still have the ability to deny applications and write off a different reason for denial. Overall, Title IX has it's pros and cons. I believe this policy would be great if applied appropriately and if it did not have holes in the system.

The declaration of independence states that all men and women are created equal. This document, along with the constitution, is what the administration of the United States was founded on. The men who created these documents were citizens striving for equal rights and representation in government. Ironically, these rights the founding fathers worked so hard to create for themselves were not granted to women in their newly established nation. Fortunately, due to the tireless work of decades of activist’s, laws have changed, amendments added to the constitution, and rights granted to those who were previously unjustly denied. One of these victories for women’s rights occurred when women were granted the right

The differential treatment of applicants solely on racial grounds is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled that while race is a legitimate factor in school admissions, the use of such inflexible quotas as the medical school had set aside was not. The Supreme Court was split 5–4 in its decision, addressing only a minimal number of the many issues that had be brought up about affirmative

As Birch Bayh once said, “Title IX is simple: don’t discriminate on the basis of sex (Birch).” According to The United States Department of Justice, Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity (“Overview”). Prior to the enactment of Title IX in 1972, “Only one in 27 girls played high school sports and there were virtually no college scholarships for female athletes” (“Before”). Forty years later the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) surveyed the number of college athletes in 2010-2011 and there were 252,946 men and 191,131 women participating in college level sports (NCAA). Title IX has helped women all around the country by creating more athletic opportunities in universities and education systems in general. Title IX has

Barbara Grutter (plaintiff) which is a resident of Michigan who was denied admissions into the University of Michigan Law School. Lee Bollinger (defendant) was president of the University of Michigan. Grutter filed this suit because the University had discriminated against the basis of race. Supreme Court ruled that the use of affirmative action in school admissions is constitutional if it treats race as some factor. Is affirmative action still necessary for guaranteeing equal access to educational opportunities at elite universities and graduate schools? Should admissions decisions be based solely on academic criteria and merit?

Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unfair, indirect treatment of certain members within a group. Usually, the bias targets specific, easily stereotyped and generalize attributes, such as race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, and age. Although the United State law forbids direct discrimination and it’s illegal, countless academics, activists, and advocacy organizations assert that as far as they are concerned, indirect discrimination is still persistent and ongoing in the vast majority of our social institutions and as well in our daily social practices. Such institutionalized discrimination includes laws and decisions that reflect racism, for example, the 1896 case between Plessey vs. Ferguson. The case that was ruled in favor of the “separate but equal" public facilities between African Americans and non-African Americans by the U.S. Supreme Court, however, the ruling was rescinded by the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954.

The 19th Amendment was passed on August 18th, 1920; women had been in a 70 year protest to finally gain women suffrage. Even after women gained equal voting rights as men, they struggled to get past the state laws that still held them unequal in numerous ways violating their natural rights. It wasn’t until 1974, almost 54 years after the amendment was passed, that the Supreme Court finally considered an Equal Pay Act, due to an employer paying women less than men for the same work (Corning Glass Works v. Brennan). Only a year before that, in 1973, did the supreme court revise and clarify that employers could not publish sex-segregated “Male/Female Help Wanted” ads. Although it may be protected under the constitutional right of freedom of speech and of the press, but instead was considered illegal because of sex-biased preference in hiring (Pittsburgh Press v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations). Both cases happened after the Voting Rights Act of 1965, further providing evidence that gender equality was still an issue, even after laws were previously put in place in an attempt to prevent that.

The fight for women’s rights had never been easy for feminists and at the outset of the 1960s, women’s legal equality seemed momentarily out of reach. The chaotic social and political landscape of 1960’s America was as much a blessing to feminists, as it was a burden. The civil rights movement had picked up momentum from landmark judicial decisions and simultaneously fostered a discussion about the opportunity for women’s legal equality. However, not everyone was eager to engage in the discussion. Ideological rifts and political alliances plagued feminist’s attempts for change. Nevertheless, advocates within the legal community sought to build a united

When I first started researching Fisher vs. Texas, I believed discrimination in college applications was very wrong and unlawful. I believed everyone should have a fair opportunity to go to the school of their choice. As I researched the issue more, it became apparent to me that diversity is truly important to our learning experiences while in college. In college, diversity has taught me many different viewpoints and has helped me understand different cultures. The learning aspect is important but I also believe that students that come from poorer communities and challenging childhoods should have an opportunity to attend top universities. The alarming differences in pay will only continue to increase if African Americans and other races do not have the opportunity to attend college. Diversity is important to the American culture and we need equality for all races to move forward as a country.

This topic relates to conflict and compromise in many different ways. Women wanted the same rights in sports as the men did. The colleges then had a right to place women in nursing and medical care. Bernie Sanders known as the Godmother of Title IX was the woman who thought of the short law of 37 words title IX.People wanted title ix to only be for education but it aplings to much more than just education. Like sports and careers. Lucky now women athletes are able to to sports without much trouble at all. Funnily the word sport is not even in the law. (Title IX and Gender [50-6:40]). And any failure to the law You may go to the supreme court (Title IX) But women are not aloud to try out for the men's team and if the sport they want to play is not available they may try for the men's team.Thanks to everyone who was part of creating title 9 we can have a more friendly place for each gender to play sports. Though we still can upgrade women sports in many

On July 9th, 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in order to secure the previously infringed on rights of formerly enslaved African Americans. This racially charged amendment was intended to guarantee the protection for these former slaves, yet this amendment was distorted in order to justify and deny rights for women, gay couples, men, and various other minority groups. Through examining specific cases such as, Muller v. Oregon and Bradwell v. Illinois, it becomes evident that this amendment has been used both positively and negatively to effect women’s rights and protection under the law. Especially in regarding the 19th century, the Fourteenth Amendment was used to rationalize sexist actions by employers, states, and other officials.

Title IX has played a significant role in the lives of women and will continue to do so if school administrators, policymakers, and community leaders have a better understanding of the law and use it accordingly to benefit those in need of it. By understanding its implications for mothers and creating programs that represents the law and its purpose, school institutions can better facilitate education for them. Mothers have often been neglected when it comes to Title IX because school administrators did not understand the law’s effects on and intentions for mothers (Fershee, 2009; McNeeley, 2008). Its focused has been primarily on sports and athletic matters; however, mothers pursuing school, especially higher education, needs as much attention

Procedural history. Barbara Grutter (Plaintiff), a white resident from the state of Michigan, was denied admission to the University of Michigan Law School (Defendant). She sued the Law School in a federal district court, and alleged racial discrimination against her in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment on the basis of the Defendant’s consideration of race as a key factor in the school’s admissions process. The district court upheld the Plaintiff’s claim. The court of appeals reversed.