Battered Woman Syndrome

Lawmakers and criminal justice personnel are meant to be guarded against discriminatory laws, policies and practices and to guarantee equal and effective protection of the law to everyone. However, the sad reality is that discrimination does exist in our criminal justice system. This paper emphasises to show how certain groups in society such as the aboriginals or indigenous people have been discriminated against in some form or another by the police or by the criminal justice system itself.

Domestic violence is a universal phenomenon, with millions of people as victims and perpetrators (. It destroys homes and families. Victimization occurs regardless of race, gender, religion, class, and sexual orientation. The term is often used to refer to violence that occurs between two people in an intimate relationship, but extends to violence against children and the elderly (Valiulis, 2014, p.124). I use the term domestic violence in this research refers to intimate partner violence. Globally, 35% of women have endured either physical or sexual abuse at the hands of their partner (World Health Organization, 2012, p.2). Unfortunately

The indigenous people have a long and proud history, including the rich cultural and spiritual traditions. However, many of these traditions have been changed or even disappeared after the arrival of the European settlers. Forced introduction of European culture and values, Aboriginal community, indigenous land being deprived, and the imposition of a period of governance outside the pattern of the beginning of a cycle of social, physical and spiritual destruction. You can see the effects of today. Some of the effects include poverty, poor health, and drug abuse. The basis of these problems is a loss of identity and a sense of knowing that their values are oppressed, and their rights are ignored. Likewise, non-indigenous Canadians have become increasingly aware of the unfairness of the richness of indigenous and aboriginal cultures that are taking place.

International prison population statistics have found that the female prison population is increasing at a faster rate than the male prison population. Research has confirmed that, in the majority of countries, the male imprisonment rate is predominantly larger than that of the female imprisonment rate, however this does not apply to indigenous women within Australia. Overwhelming research shows that the imprisonment rate for indigenous women within Australia has increased at a significantly faster rate compared to indigenous males, most clearly highlighted through the general trends in prison rates within the last decade. This essay will discuss how the presence of indigeneity plays a key role in explaining the disparity between male and female imprisonment rates, further explaining why indigenous women are incarcerated at significantly highly rates. Moreover, there are numerous sociological and criminological theories, which provide an explanation for the disparity of male and female imprisonment rates. Furthermore, this essay will also discuss the social implications of these prison population trends in relation to criminal justice polices, other social policies related to

In fact, it can be quoted by Emily Hill, advocacy director at Aboriginal Legal Services in Toronto, who says, "We see that in many areas there has been no improvement and in some areas it's gotten worse.” It was also mentioned that many Aboriginal people were unaware that they had legal rights that were to be treated with respect and without discrimination. That being said, this proves that the amount of discrimination they receive was enough for them to be unconscious of the fact that their rights were to protect them. Although this may be true, some people may argue that this isn’t a serious issue, and that discrimination occurs everywhere. However, the murder rate of Indigenous women is 3.5 times higher compared to other women in Canada, according to a report released by the RCMP. This example proves that to the Indigenous, the discrimination has been taken to a far higher level with murder of loved ones involved, and this counter-argument is inferior to the voices of the broken families. Now, this happens because the Canadian government either doesn’t bother to enforce the security in the Indigenous community, or that they aren’t educating the First Nations in health and well-being, even though the government is making the “citizens” of Canada, their top priority. Throughout the Vicelands Cut-off, many of Indigenous people from the community, where Justin Trudeau was visiting kept on questioning the actions of the Liberal government, which emphasizes the fact that they either did not vote for the party, or the elected government wasn’t fulfilling the needs of the people. In particular, there was an old Aboriginal woman who didn’t know who Justin Trudeau even was, emphasizing that she had absolutely no hope in the democratic system. This

Aboriginal people continue to be victimized and incarcerated at much higher rates than non-Aboriginal people. The overrepresentation of Canadian Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system is a question that has not yet been answered. This research paper will focus on the risk factors experienced by many Aboriginal people, residential school experiences, and institutional racism, and their roles in the overrepresentation of Canadian Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system. The Canadian government system has tried to deal with this issue, but looking at the high rates of overrepresentation, there approach has not been successful.

Indigenous peoples of Canada have been considered inferior to all other citizens, and have been abused and neglected through European history, and can be seen as a form of genocide. In Canadian residential schools, children were removed from the home, sexually assaulted, beaten, deprived of basic human necessities, and over 3 500 women and girls were sterilized, and this went on well into the 1980 's (Nicoll 2015). The dehumanization of Indigenous peoples over the generations has left a significant impact on society today; the generational trauma has left many Indigenous peoples heavily dependent of drugs and alcohol, and the vulnerability of Indigenous women has led to extremely high rates of violent crime towards these women. A report that

Domestic violence in Aboriginal community is a cause for concern regarding Aboriginal women 's health and safety. According to Kubik, Bourassa, and Hampton (2009) “In Canada, Aboriginal women have faced destruction in their communities and families as a result of multiple forms of oppression. Aboriginal women experience the highest rates of violence and abuse of any population in Canada”(p.29). Domestic violence is defined by Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary (2015) as “ the inflicting of physical injury by one family or household member on another; also: a repeated or habitual pattern of such behavior”. The objective is to look at the cause of domestic violence aimed at Aboriginal

This essay will examine family violence in Indigenous Australian communities as a social issue using the SI and will focus on its development into the issue it is today through structural, historical and cultural context. Domestic violence is defined as ‘a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviours that an adult or adolescent uses to gain and maintain power and control over an intimate partner.’ (Samsel, 2013). Family Violence is the preferred term over ‘domestic violence’ in most Indigenous Australian communities, usually as it includes all forms of violence that occurs in family, intimate or other relationships that consist of support or mutual obligation (NSW Department of Health, 2011).

The colonization of Indigenous peoples has dramatically affected their health, and health-seeking behaviours, in a myriad of ways. The Indian Act of 1876 was, in essence, created to control the Indigenous population. The Indian Act laid out laws and regulations that tightly regulated the lives of natives economically, ideologically, and politically. This included a wealth of ways in which their identities were stripped away, and in which they were taken advantage of by the Government of Canada. This has resulted in a reduced quality of life for Canada 's indigenous population, as well as adverse health problems, and prejudicial perceptions that we still see the impact of today. The documentary series, 8th fire, by Dando and Ingles (2012) supports this claim. The Indigenous peoples ' have long felt betrayed by the government that they had signed a treaty with, so why would an Indigenous person seek health services from this establishment? The mistrust between the Indigenous peoples and the Government of Canada is the result of colonization, specifically the Indian Act, and it undoubtedly impacts Indigenous peoples and their faith in, and ability to get proper care from, the healthcare system.

incarceration rates among Aboriginal adults were 3.3 to 5.1 times higher. In short, these socio-

homelessness, in this paper I will be talking about a program that has been created and planned

How would you feel growing up around alcoholic parents that became that way because of residential schools? How would it make you feel knowing that your parents were beaten in every which way by the canadian government? These survivors children suffer from alcoholism, racism and high rates of suicide. There are long lasting effects on not only these residential school survivors but their next generations.

Discrimination based on race, gender and Aboriginal status continues to be a recurring theme in the lives of Aboriginals that live in Canada. Colonialism has had a negative impact on the lives and lifestyles of Aboriginals throughout Canada. They were forced into reserves that were located in unsuitable land for the European settlers to use. The European settlers would refer to the aboriginals as ‘barbaric’ and ‘uncivilized’ while they categorized themselves as ‘educated’ and ‘cultural’ (Farihah Ali, 2015). This mentality is what emerged the negative stereotypes directed towards Aboriginal people and has also had a negative impact in their way of life. These stereotypes have opened doors for discrimination against Aboriginal people

What the George case reveals is the connection between colonization, prostitution, and control over Indigenous female bodies. Razack (2000) acknowledges this history where white men (colonizers) were the historical perpetrators of violence against Indigenous women. During the French and British colonial era, “the combined effects of poverty, race discrimination and cultural losses profoundly affect First Nations and are likely contributing factors to high rates of interpersonal violence, depression, suicide and substance abuse” (Farley, 245). Razack (2000) contextualizes this within a form of domination and control, which subjugated the female bodies of Indigenous victims and served as the backdrop for the encounter between George and her two attackers. She argues that this history is precisely what was missing from the trial, which became a case study for how George’s Indigeneity was put through a stigma around sex work that ignored her humanity as a result. According to Canada’s Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996), Indigenous people are much more likely to experience premature death as a result of the consequences of