The middle ages of Europe saw a resurgence of political reorganization mostly as a result of large religious bodies asserting governing forces where secular powers already existed. This clash of authoritative bodies had a variety of outcomes depending on who and when the confrontation took place. While the relationship of Church and state in Byzantium favored patriarchal power over the Church, in the West, efforts to consolidate secular and religious power led to a conflict between the two sides that could not be solved for several hundred years.
In Byzantium, secular power held control of the Church. Upon taking the Byzantium throne, Emperor Isaac I Comnenus began a period of great change for the empire. One of the changes enacted by Isaac I was to reallocate funds from the church to public funds. Isaac I quickly created reforms that nullified the actions of the previous ruler Michael VI, chanced the political status quo, and led people to hate him. One person in particular, Patriarch Michael I Cerularius, was displeased with Emperor Isaac for removing funding from the
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Believing that he was the ultimate authority of the Church and state, Charlemagne created a set of rules that focused on morals and religious concepts that would be enforced upon the Church. Charlemagne would further expound upon his concept of control over spiritual and secular power in his letter to Pope Leo III in which he is told the Pope’s power is nothing more than that of a feudal lord. However, Charlemagne still recognized Pope Leo III’s religious authority by requesting that the Pope pray for him in return for Charlemagne’s protection. Charlemagne recognizes that the Pope has some religious authority but ultimately, the power of the Pope was limited to Charlemagne’s
Byzantine Religion Video Research Page Source #1: "Byzantine Empire." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Livius, 28 Apr. 2011. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. .
The Byzantine Empire was a successful maritime-based civilization that connected Europe and Asia. There is much debate on whether the Byzantine Empire was a new empire or a continuation of the Roman Empire. Although the Byzantine Empire is made up of old parts of Eastern Rome, it was it’s own new civilization because of different religious beliefs, new advancements in technology, and a far superior economy to that of the Romans. The Byzantines valued Christianity and religious values much more than the Romans ever did. The Byzantine people valued their religious beliefs that it is said in document 2 that the God had more power than any living man.
Lazayvion Hammick Sheila Wilkinson World History College-Prep 4 December 2015 “Power of the Catholics” The Catholic Church has a significant impact during the Medieval Times, also know as the Middle Ages. The Church has a lasting impact that still affects people today. Key Area include the governments, society, and the economy.
The wealth that Byzantium held may have been largely due to the religious influence of the empire. Benjamin of Toledo begins praising Byzantium by stating that it is surrounded by land and sea that allow for all areas of the Mediterranean to have entrance into the empire. According to Benjamin’s observations, the vast religious state of Byzantium attracts many peoples; “Constantinople is a busy city, and merchants come to it from every country by sea or land, and there is none like it in the world…” He attributes the empire’s success to the religious values that influence everyone throughout the empire. The religious influences are huge throughout the empire as noted by Benjamin, “There are also as many churches as there are days of the year”.
Charlemagne wanted to defend the church due to the power that it provoked. He worked to strengthen the role of the church in order to improve the hierarchical structure and the power of the clergy. Along with the church were the oaths that Charlemagne believed in, to ensure loyalty to all of his subjects. Using these oaths, he believed that fidelity should be promised. “Each one according to his vow and occupation, should now promise to him as emperor the fidelity which he had previously promised to him as king.”
The Great Schism of the Eastern and Western Churches in 1054 was very significant in the development of the early church. It can also be known as the East-West Schism which comes from the regions of the East and the West which divided due to controversial opinions about celebration rituals, the papal authority and other important events and practices. The Great Schism influenced the development of the early church considerably though great discord within the early church. The schism was caused by mutual excommunication of the Eastern and Western Christian community led by Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius (Eastern) and Pope Leo IX (Western).
A product of this meeting has become known as the Edict of Nilan, which extended toleration to the Christians and restored any personal and corporate property that had been confiscated during the persecution. The Council of Nicaea coincided almost exactly with the celebrations of the 20th anniversary of the reign of Constantine, at which, returning the compliment paid by the emperor’s attendance at their council, the bishops were honored participants. But Constantine’s visit to the West in 326, to repeat the celebrations at Rome, brought the greatest political crisis of the reign. These events set the course of the last phase of the reign of Constantine. After his defeat of Licinius he had renamed Byzantium as Constantinople, and immediately upon his return from the West he began to rebuild the city on a greatly enlarged pattern as his permanent capital and the “second Rome.”
Author of the book, Becoming Charlemagne, by Jeff Sypeck provides a clear glimpse into the life of one of the world’s greatest kings and ruler and later emperor Charlemagne, otherwise known as Karl or Charles the Great. Sypeck creates a vivid and strong look into the time of Charlemagne, early medieval Europe and some other important world leaders, including Pope Leo III, Irene the Byzantine emperor, Alcuin the scholar and Harun al-Rashid ruler of Baghdad. These figures are crucial to the story of Karl becoming Charlemagne, and their stories included in the book help form and symbolize Charlemagne the Ruler. Understanding Charlemagne and early medieval Europe is presented vibrantly throughout the book by in-depth stories, facts and a clear
In the section of “Piety and Power in Byzantium”, Moore discusses the role of Byzantine women’s financial patronage and veneration of religious icons had on the molding of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Byzantium. Moore mentions that Empress Helena (ca. 248-ca. 330) was the “first Christian imperial patron” (Moore 2015, 69) because she was responsible for the “construction of more than thirty churches in the Holy Land as well as churches in Rome” (69). Empress Helena and her financial patronage set the precedence for other empresses and wealthy women to fund the construction of other religious institutions. The veneration of icons came to be an important facet of Eastern Orthodoxy through empresses and wealthy women’s advocacy for them.
Bishops gained a lot of power with control of church memberships, finances, and the selection of priests. In 590, “Gregory the Great was named Bishop of Rome…and named himself ‘Pope’ and the ‘Head of the Universal Church.’” He was the key to asserting papal primacy and started the requirement of confession and penance. He also worked to convert the pagan kings, hoping more people would follow in their footsteps. With the belief that Constantine left his crown to the papacy, the future Popes had the power to crown the emperor acting as god’s representative.
Instability wracked the entire empire, and the Jews were arguably the most affected by these insurgencies as laws concerning their way of life changed with each king. Although the first Catholic Visigothic king only ordered the baptism of children born from Christian and Jewish parents, later kings such as Khintila passed harsher laws calling for the conversion to Christianity or the exile of all the Jews (Constable 21). Jewish livelihoods also weakened beginning under King Sisebut as many consequences called for the freedom of Christian slaves under Jewish masters and the seizing of all the Jews’ property for the king (Bachrach 16). Indeed, the anti-Jewish policies many kings implemented sought to [limit] their freedom, [curtail] their economic capabilities, and ultimately [reduce] them to slavery” as the Jewish population, while a minority, was a prosperous one that aid or threaten a king’s ascent to the throne (11). Ultimately, the constant change in kings and their laws undoubtedly caused havoc detrimental to the empire’s unity and
Justinian the Great came to power. He wanted to make Constantinople exceedingly better. First he commenced by gathering of troops until he had a massive and intrepid army afterwards he took the Constantinople in various fierce devastating battles. He succeeded in all the battles and brought all the Roman laws back. The laws, in his honor, were labeled the Justinian Code and are still used today.
Byzantium For 500 plus years, the Roman empire brought a unique way of life to a vast area of land. In 476, the western half of the empire collapsed by invading German tribes. But in the east, the empire was ruled by the Byzantine empire. The old Greeks city-port of Byzantium, (Istanbul and Turkey), was the center of the Roman empire.
The long-term political, economic, and intellectual consequences of the conflicts over religious beliefs, were, the economic recessions of the early seventeenth century, the shift in power from southern and eastern Europe toward the northwest, new ideas were developed in the arts, politics and philosophy, making way for the scientific revolution, the conflicts also pushed some Europeans to seek new, non-religious sources of authority. The Thirty Years War, sparked an economic crisis in Europe. Famine and disease also contributed to the suffering. The war caused the economic balance of power to shift.
Back in the fourth century, when Constantine saw the church threatened with schism over the Arian controversy, he had called a council. At other times in the centuries immediately thereafter, other cases had been solved by similar means. Later, as the popes gained power, the council became instruments for their policies and programs. Now, as the moral authority of the papacy waned through the decades of the Babylonian Captivity and the ensuring Great Schism, there were many who wrote that a universal council could destroy the great evils of the time, both by restoring unity and by performing the church. They were many calling regarding reforming the church.