I. Descartes – Evil Genius Problem
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DESCARTES’ THEORY
The Doubts about the Evil Genius Doubt
1. Does the evil genius exist?
Although it may seem trivial to question the hypothetical being, Descartes’ arguments are also phrased cunningly to avoid questions. While Descartes is clearly considering even the most remote possibilities in his method of doubt, all he offers is the claim that such a being could exist. However, this is not seen as a solid basis upon which absolute doubt, required by Descartes, can be built. Ironically, his skepticism offers such that I am in a state of doubt, I will also have doubt about the possibility that there could even be a deceiving being. As such, my doubt about the possibility of such a being serves to undermine the greater doubt that is supposed to be generated by this being. In order for the evil demon to generate such a degree of doubt it must be possible for it to exist. However, Descartes does not provide enough proof for his claim of its possibility. This shows that Descartes’ evil demon argument fails to prove absolute doubt, which he
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An important part of metaphysical inquiry therefore involves learning to think with the intellect. According to Plato 's allegory of the cave the rationalist theme can be pictured as epistemically distinct worlds: i.e. what our senses reveal is a mirror of the shadowy imagery on the wall of a poorly lit cave, and what the intellect reveals is just like a world of fully real beings illuminated by bright sunshine. The metaphor clearly shows our epistemic plight on Descartes ' doctrines. The use of his doctrines and his methodology aims at would-be Knowers so that they can redirect their attention from the confused imagery of the senses, to the world of the intellect ideas and not the
If demons exist, so must God. Descartes believed God will not allow any evil demons to deceive anybody. We can not be for certain if God had a reason to teach humanity a lesson or allow an evil demon to do that
In contrast, as our intellect is finite, our decisions and choices are affected due to not being able to clearly and distinctly understand things, resulting in choices that can be deemed as “Bad”. Concluding that God is not as fault for our defects as we are not clearly and distinctly perceiving things, Descartes illustrates how he can avoid error by suspending judgements when uncertain, or only passing judgment when certain of clear and distinct
Therefore, Descartes argues that the mind and the body must be two logically distinct
The existence of God has been presented by a multitude of philosophers. However, this has led to profound criticism and arguments of God’s inexistence. The strongest argument in contradiction to God’s existence is the Problem of Evil, presented by J.L Mackie. In this paper, I aim to describe the problem of evil, analyse the objection of the Paradox of Omnipotence and provide rebuttals to this objection. Thus, highlighting my support for Mackie’s Problem of evil.
Descartes does not explicitly state his system of knowledge, but he builds up a true and certain foundation of knowledge in the first meditation of his book, Meditations on First Philosophy. Descartes’s ultimate goal is find the foundation of knowledge that is indubitable. In fulfillment of his goal, Descartes thinks, he must give up all the preconceived idea he used to have and start from the foundation. Descartes develops his first mediation by illustrating the deception of our senses, demonstrating the dreaming example and lastly creating the “malicious demon” assumption. These steps have a profound impact on building up Descartes’s “Cogito theory”, which he will address in the second mediation.
5. Why can’t an evil deceiver deceive Descartes about his belief that he thinks? He sees that he can be certain that he exists and that he thinks because even if an evil genius is doing everything possible to deceive Descartes, it can 't deceive him into believing he doesn 't exist. In order for something to be deceived, it must at least exist. Then, Descartes comes up with a rule which allows him 6.
Descartes also formulates another argument of doubt but uses God as his object of deception instead of dreaming. He first states that we believe that there is an all-powerful God who has created us, redundant. Descartes goes on to say, that God has it in His power to make us be deceived even about matters of mathematical knowledge which we seem to understand clearly. Descartes does acknowledge his argument is controversial and brings up objections to support his argument. Some might believe God wouldn’t deceive us.
Descartes makes the Evil Demon argument to neither prove the existence of such a demon or construct a better understanding of this source of deceit. But rather to destroy the foundations in which he has built all his bias on and rebuild his knowledge from scratch. It works to make us speculate everything while doubting the beliefs and senses we hold so true. This never-ending doubt gives rise to a new question, how do I know that
However since we already have an idea of God as this perfect and infinite being, he must exist. Furthermore, since the natural light clears deception as an imperfection as well as not existing, God is a non-deceiver, he exist and is perfect. After the cogito argument and natural light examination of the deceptive God, Descartes discards the hypothesis that God is a deceiver. Since God is all-good, he would not deceive us. For that reason, Descartes introduces the evil demon/genius instead.
Descartes Epistemology: Descartes attempts to discover a foundation of knowledge as seen in his book ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’. He is essentially looking for total certainty. In order to do so, Descartes doubted everything, coming to the realization that he can only prove his
This paper explores the ‘’The problem of evil argument’’ as it has been a longstanding challenge for those who believe in the existence of God. It is a very interesting philosophical issue that is often used as an argument against the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good God. The problem of evil is concerned with reconciling the existence of evil and suffering in the world with the idea of a benevolent deity. In this essay, I will in the best of my understanding state and explain the problem of evil, discuss at least one criticism of the problem, and cross check whether the argument survives the criticism.
In this paper, I will deliver a reconstruction of Descartes’ Cogito Argument and my reasoning to validate it as indubitable. I will do so by justifying my interpretations through valid arguments and claim, by showcasing examples with reasoning. Rene Descartes is a French Philosopher of the 17th century, who formulated the philosophical Cogito argument by the name of ‘cogito ergo sum,’ also known as “I think, therefore, I am.” Rene was a skeptic philosopher amongst many scholastic philosophers at his time. He took a skeptical approach towards the relations between thoughts and existence, to interpret his cogito argument as indubitable and whether it could serve as a foundational belief.
However Descartes believed that if Evil Genius existed, that we would have definitely have to exist for it to fool us. And if we are doubting our own existence, we must exist in order to doubt it! “Cogito Ergo
It embodies the insight that there is a serious muddle at the centre of the whole of Descartes theory of knowledge. He says that we do not hold a clear idea of the mind to make out much. ‘He thinks that although we have knowledge through the idea of body, we know the mind “only through consciousness, and because of this, our knowledge of it is imperfect” (3–2.7, OCM 1:451; LO 237). Knowledge through ideas is superior because it involves direct access to the “blueprints” for creation in the divine understanding, whereas in consciousness we are employing our own weak cognitive resources that
Descartes relied instead on the Human capacity for logic, reasoning and critical analysis. This is how he began his book “Regulae ad direction