Introduction
Cloning is the processes that are used in order to generate exact genetic makeup of a cell, tissue, or organism. The term clone refers to the copied material with the same genetic makeup of the original. According to the definition by National Genome Research Institute (NIH) cloning can be differentiated into three types, those are:
1. Gene cloning, which creates copies of genes or segments of DNA.
2. Reproductive cloning, which creates copies of organisms.
3. Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells. These cells will later be used to grow tissues to replace damaged ones in the human body.
Cloning at the gene level is acceptable and is done extensively in research areas. However, therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning raises skepticism and debate both in the general society and the scientific community. Among the argument raised is the possibility of cloning human beings; whether the individuals derived are seen as a complete human with the whole set of human rights attached to them.
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Fiester (2005) states that most of the animal cloning projects are driven by the goal of meeting human needs such as treatment of diseases, food production, and entertainment. However, there are animal cloning projects aimed at conserving endangered or
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This is due to some arguments that humans must not act as God by trying to recreate life or some part of life forms. Stephen Warner (1993) in Bainbridge (2003) suggested the term New Paradigm when referring to the perception that human society is still fundamentally driven by religion despite secularization that resulted from scientific progress, bureaucratic rationalization, and economic growth. Another opinion of Bainbridge (1985; 1997) in Bainbridge (2003) is that the act of ban on human reproductive cloning appears to have gained its strength from traditional religious
There are many arguments in support of human cloning. Some are fairly easy to accept, such as elimination of genetic disease”(Human Cloning). With the technology of cloning, the percentages of disease could reduce. That also includes genetic issues could be solved as well. Cloning has been said to give therapeutic support when making new cures.
This type of cloning is used to create stem cells – cells that can, in theory, develop into any kind of cell. Such cells are essential in the medical field, for they will hopefully come be used “to study chromosome abnormalities . . . to provide tissues for testing experimental drugs . . .
Because of this, damaged tissues and cells are replaced by genetically identical organs. Kidney and bone marrow transplant, for example, are benefits of cloning because it aids in supplying animals with the organs they would need. Also, through cloning, endangered species are protected from extinction. For example, Panda cells in China are produced to preserve their species. According to All About Animal Cloning (n.d.), animal cloning produces healthier offspring.
Reproductive cloning is the production of a genetic duplicate of an existing organism. A human clone is therefore a genetic copy of an existing person. Reproductive cloning of humans was believed to be impossible until the birth of Dolly the sheep. Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Following this major scientific and technological breakthrough, it raised the possibility that humans can be cloned using the same procedure‒
Its pros are strong, and keep the research going. They say that a dog is a man’s best friend, so when someone loses his or her dog, it can be devastating. Cloning, however, provides a way to carry on a deceased dog’s legacy, making the owner’s grieving process easier. Cloning is also a feature that demonstrates advanced science. It helps clue us in on how DNA replication works, ameliorating the world’s understanding on how animals reproduce and function.
Human Cloning, an exact replication of an adult human, should be banned in the United States of America because of its possible consequences to society as a whole, as proven by the science fiction novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, and the short story “The Birthmark,” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Human cloning raises ethical concerns considering how society will react and change due to the clonal population. Subsequently, scientists are forced to ask themselves the question, “If cloning is seen as a way to reproduce the ‘best’ in the human species, who decides which qualities are best?” (Cloning 2). If humans are allowed to clone their offspring, then soon most people would either want their children to look like the idea of ‘perfect’ created
There are three different types of artificial cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. (Fact) Gene cloning produces copies of genes or segments of DNA. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues
By definition, cloning is the process by which an identical copy of an animal, human or plant is made asexually. The copied entity made is called the clone and it has the same genetic makeup as the original (Genome). The first animal that was cloned was the sheep named Dolly in 1996 (FDA). There are three types of cloning:
Many scientists are trying to clone humans but is it ever justified? There are a whole lot of debates on this topic, and I am strongly against it. Human cloning is ethically wrong; there are many risks involved, which will lead to detrimental effects on human society. Before going into my points, I would like to talk about what cloning is. According to the National Human Genome Research Institute, cloning is “a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.”
So far there are only two ways to make a clone by extracting an exact genetic copy of an organism, which can only be done in a lab. One out of the two ways are artificial embryo twinning witch a way of cloning with using low tech, and instead of inside the organism's mother the clone is carried in a petri dish. The second way is SCNT which stands for Somatic Cell Nuclear Transport. A somatic cell is every cell in the body that is not the two types of reproductive cells. The nuclear is the compartment that keeps hold of the dna.
For starters, some view cloning as being “based upon liberal ideal of the exercise of free will and rational choice” meaning people should be able to acquire access to cloning methods if they desire (Magney). This would result in the cloning procedure to continue regardless of those opposed to the decision. If the cloning process is accepted, then those who support the decision will have permission to clone anything of their choice. Regardless of cloning being a liberal ideal, those supporting the process would have two restrictions involved in containing access to cloning, as long as it does not involve “injurious to others, or damages the fabric of society” (Magney). However, the proponents believe that the process is morally correct if the individual provides confirmation since the cloning’s benefits overpower the disadvantages.
Bioengineering - Can Cloning Organs Help the World? Bioengineering is a quickly updating topic in the science realm. The kind of bioengineering being focused on will be organ cloning, or the synthesis of organs using the own person’s cells as a template. As of now, it is being successfully used in a variety of methods, including 3D bioprinting and the use of stem cells to “grow” a new organ.
Most people in our society, no matter what level of education that they may have, have heard of the cloning, specifically the cloning of Dolly the lamb, and have some notions regarding the idea of cloning humans. "The successes in animal cloning suggest to some that the technology has matured sufficiently to justify its application to human cloning" (Jaenisch et al.). However, not every agrees that human cloning is a something that should be put into practice (Hoskins). There generally seem to be two basic divisions on this issue: those who find it inappropriate and unethical, and those who find it a reasonable and necessary step in the progression of scientific research (Lustig).
Do you know that based on the scientific studies, 90% human cloning tuned out to be unsuccessful. Human cloning(modifying babies) is a process of producing new identical babies by altering their genomes. Some of studies show that scientists successfully cloned animals such as cows, Pigs, and sheep. For the past 3-5 years human cloning have a lot of debates and controversies between peoples. However Human cloning is dangerous for the new engineered baby and their moms, so it should be banned to prevent new disease, to constantly limit the population of dying human beings, and to stop unnecessary fees to modify babies.
Cloning and genetic engineering are marvels of modern science. Not only can we design and build machines, now we can design and grow living beings that have traits we choose before conception. I have always been curious when I hear about animals being cloned, patients having gene therapy treatment, having an organ or body part grown to replace a damaged one, and many other ways that science is using cloning and genetic engineering. It amazes me every time I hear about these because we are getting close to knowing most of what there is to living beings. One of the things I did not know was how scientists create an embryo out of one organism with the exact same DNA.