The Health Belief Model: Theory Of Planned Behavior

"Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) provides a comprehensive set of 10-year, national goals and objectives for improving the health of all Americans" ("Healthy People 2020", 2015, p. 2). It monitors and evaluates whether the goals of

The Healthy People 2020 mission statement outlines how the program hopes to improve health through strengthening policies and enhancing practice across the United States. The program identified 26 objectives to focus on as important health issues. As of 2014, data shows that 14 out of the 26 indicators have met their target or shown improvement (Healthy People, 2017). The four objectives that were shown to met or exceed the target set are listed below.

I have chosen public health as my major because it is a dynamic field. I have a passion for making a difference in people’s lives and helping others achieve their goals. It is with great passion that I am dedicated and willing to contribute my service or skills to help someone in need. My philosophy of health education is very simple, to prevent, improve and educate the lives of individuals, families, communities, populations, and societies. Besides, there is no safer way to touch people’s lives than through public health.

I believe in the philosophy of trying to live leaving the world in a better place and looking for daily opportunities to do so. I value efforts with a ripple effect, in which one action can create many positive responses. These ideas parallel with my philosophy of health education and promotion to help individuals achieve optimal health, specifically related with behavior change and decision- making philosophies.

In health education and promotion, utilizing an effective strategy in intervention programs is vital to the success of the program. According to Rural Health Information Hub (2017), health education strategies are tailored to suit the target population. Considering the Point Mar Case Study, with the focus of this paper being to develop an effective health education strategy to address childhood obesity, with adult onset of type II diabetes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2015), essential knowledge, enumerates the characteristics of an effective health education curriculum to include, dissemination of essential knowledge to shape the group

Healthy People is an organization that identifies the Nation’s health improvement priorities. Established for more than 30 years, Healthy People is a recognized science-based national health objective that focuses on monitoring progress, motivating action, and the guiding efforts to improve health across the country (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2011). Also, Healthy People 2020 locates nearly 1,200 objectives in the preparation of 42 topic areas of which each represents an important public health area. Consequently, the aims of Healthy People 2020 Progress Reviews are to provide health officials and the public with information on the current status of the objectives within each of the Healthy People 2020 topic areas. Therefore, the health officials include the Assistant Secretary for Health, senior Health and Human Services (HHS) officials and Healthy People 2020 stakeholders (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),

The HBM was developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, and is one of the most commonly applied models in health behavior research and practice. It suggests that engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior can be predicted by people's perceived susceptibility (i.e., beliefs about their risk of contracting a health condition), perceived threat (feelings concerning the seriousness of contracting an illness or leaving it untreated), perceived benefits of taking health action and barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy (i.e., beliefs about their ability to perform the action), and cues/triggers to

Frieden’s health impact pyramid (2010) illustrates how much an intervention tactic will impact a population. According to the pyramid, counseling and education, which are both at the tip of the pyramid, have the smallest impact on the population when trying to change a health behavior. The closer the intervention is to the base of the pyramid, the greater the impact is on the population. On the other hand, the closer the intervention is to the base of the pyramid, the lack of choice an individual has to participate in the intervention increases.  “Although the effectiveness of interventions tends to decrease at higher levels of the pyramid, those at the top often require the least political commitment. Achieving social and economic change might

The Healthy People initiative is a health promotion and disease prevention effort that has an overall goal of a healthier nation. It is a set of goals and objectives that aims at eliminating health diseases and disparities while trying to improve the health over the course of ten years. The Healthy People Initiative has been going on since 1979. Over the course of the ten year increments, there are targets and objectives that are monitored to measure the progress. A main goal for this initiative is to empower individuals to make informed and smart health decisions and measure the impact of prevention activities. Overall, Healthy People 2020 is striving for success by hoping for nationwide health improvement and increasing the public awareness

There is within this area an Aboriginal health care centre called, Geraldton Region Aboriginal Medical Service (GRAMS). This service provides primary healthcare to the Yamaji people as well as other indigenous groups within the Geraldton, the Midwest and Murchison areas of Western Australia. The care they provide are Maternal and child health, Adolescent health, Men’s and women’s health, Sexual health, Chronic disease prevention, intervention and self-management, Mental health, Prison health, Ear, eye and oral health, Communicable diseases. (Coffin.Julie, 2015) This service fit in with the WA government’s strategic intentions plan which is firstly to Support the Western Australian community to become healthier. Focus on promoting healthy

According to Syme and Balfour (1998) though important, “these strategies are unlikely to be achieved and sustained unless they are embedded in a supportive physical and social environment” (as cited in (Hanson et al., 2015). Empowering people is a key strategy to creating a supportive social environment; people can be empowered when they are able to identify their own issues and are given the option to be a part of the solution. To empower the VMIW, a survey can be administered in high density same-ethnicity-communities and the VMIW asked to identify what their most pressing health concerns are. Once identified, the next step will be to mobilize available resources in the community; the greatest resource in any community is the people. The people can be mobilized via (1) creating interest groups for mothers and wives in the community and (2) Mobilizing community and opinion leaders. This will serve two purposes; (a) a target audience for education and information dissemination. According to WHO (1996), effective education requires learning and for learning to occur, education must be meaningful and culturally relevant. These leaders are the cultural experts of their communities; thus can collaborate with the local health authority to identify culturally sensitive and relevant health information that can be learned and disseminated in their communities. Relevant education targeting the impact of HIE on their community as it relates to their previously identified health concerns will serve to inspire the VMIW interest groups to advocate for changes within their communities that will promote health and also empower them to make decisions about the priority health concerns they identified. (b) A foci group to influence lifestyle at grassroots, according to Puska et. al., (2009) informal opinion

The event was a health fair/screening and HIV testing for students in grades 10, 11, and 12. While talking to the students, it was my opportunity for me to use principles related to the field of behavioral and social sciences so that I can help facility voluntary health-related behavioral change. Since I was interacting with students, or at the individual level, I used the Health Belief Model (HBM) because it addresses the individual’s perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem—in my case, STDs and/or HIV. The students had questions related to their susceptibility as well as the severities of not practicing safe sex. I addressed these issues by making them aware of the health problem that many of them had related to myths rather than facts. Additionally, I used the Stages of Change (Transtheorical) Model (DiClemente & Velasquez, 2002) because many students were in precomtemplation stage—they had no intention to go for screening because they were mostly scared of knowing their status. I increased their self-efficacy by making them realize that they need to be advocate for their own health and overall well-being. In other words, knowing their status, practicing safe sex, and educating themselves about preventing STDs, can only be beneficial to themselves and

This contains and includes the briefing about the details and justification of the variables used and identified for the study. Reasoned Action Theory is supported by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen 's. To illustrate, this model has the origin in the social psychology field that defines the two elements which are attitudes and norms, that are used to predict behavioral intent. This model states that an individual 's behavior is determined by his or her intentions in performing it. This theory summarizes equations, that the attitude along with subjective norms is equal and same to

The core assumptions of the Health Belief Model (HBM) are based on the premise that a person will develop a health behavior and is willing to take action to avoid the occurrence of the disease. Furthermore, the person needs to believe that they have the possibility of developing the disease, that they can avoid the disease, that the cost of the change outweighs the benefit and that the person can effectively implement the recommended behavior. Furthermore, the major concepts of the HBM are perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barriers, cues to action and self-efficacy (de Chesnay and Anderson, 2016, p. 155-156).

The transtheoretical model of behaviour change describes how people modify problem behaviour or acquire a positive behaviour. The stages of change are the main concepts in the transtheoretical model and include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance (Prochaska et al., 2002 as cited in Polit & Beck, 2014). The main idea of this theory, according to Polit and Beck (2010) is, “the stages of change which conceptualizes a continuum of motivational readiness to change problem behavior…….” This theory speaks to individuals, each at a particular stage in the continuum towards the desired behaviour. Prochaska, Redding and Evers (2008) stated that to progress through the early stages, people apply cognitive, affective, and evaluative processes. The pregnant woman with diabetes non-compliance to diet maybe related to lack of clinical support services, lifestyle and culture, as well as her socioeconomic status. The transtheoretical model states that the level of readiness of an individual must be assessed and the interventions