RNA Essays

DNA and RNA Introduction DNA and RNA are one of the most significant macromolecules in a cell. The transition of information from DNA to RNA and protein determines absolutely all features of a living cell: its size, shape, function and time of death. There are three main sequential mechanisms, by which this transferring of information occurs within a cell: DNA replication, transcription and translation. DNA Replication DNA is a double-stranded macromolecule, which consists of sugar (deoxyribose)

DNA Transcription 1. a. The initiation complex contains messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomes. The process begins with the start codon AUG. The codons of mRNA pair with corresponding tRNA anti codons through hydrogen bonding. Transfer RNA carries amino acid specific to the anticodon, where every three nucleotides code for one tRNA. The ribosome structure includes two subunits. They join codons with corresponding anticodons, and amino acids. A continuous chain results because tRNA leaves behind

initiates the DNA process by unwinding the double helix. If it was missing, the DNA would not be able to replicate as the helix structure would not open. The next step of DNA Replication is the binding of RNA primase in the the initiation point of the 3'-5' parent chain. RNA primase can attract RNA nucleotides which bind to the DNA nucleotides of the 3'-5' strand due to the hydrogen bonds between the bases and also provide a starting point for DNA polymerases to extend from. Without it, the DNA nucleotides

DNA stand for deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. They share some similarities, such as both being nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are long macromolecules that consist of a long chain of nucleotides. Both DNA and RNA have five carbon sugar and four nitrogen containing bases. In addition, DNA and RNA can be found in the nucleus of the cell. They are also vital to organisms. They are key to genetic information being created and distributed to various parts for the cell.

recyclable, workable copy of DNA, but in the form of RNA.” DNA has 4 nucleotides. (Nucleotide is linked to a phosphate group) Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine. Adenine goes with thymine (A=T) and Cytosine goes with Guanine (C=G). The nucleotide bases are the genetic code (DNA and RNA molecules that carry information in the cells.) mRNA is made by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. It message will go down to the ribosomes for the making of proteins. The RNA nucleotides use the ribosomes instead of Deoxyribose

1a. Review: Describe three main differences between RNA and DNA. The three main differences between RNA and DNA are as follows: RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, which DNA has, RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded, and RNA uses uracil instead of thymine. 1b. Explain: List the three types of RNA, and explain what they do. The three types of RNA are mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries the instructions to create proteins from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes. rRNA forms a

1) How does RNA differ from DNA? RNA is different from DNA in many ways. Firstly, DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is only a single strand. The sugar present in RNA is ribose whereas it is deoxyribose (one more OH) in DNA. Also, Bases in RNA are A, U, C, G (adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine) whereas bases in DNA are A, T, C, and G (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine). Where DNA contains genetic material, RNA copies the material and helps to synthesize it into protein. Also, DNA has deoxyribose

strand into messenger RNA for translation. There are three stages that take place in transcription; initiation, elongation, and termination. The first stage is initiation, which starts the whole process. During initiation the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, which signals the starting point of transcription. When the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter the DNA strands unwind and transition from double-strands into single-strands. In the next step, elongation, the RNA polymerase adds nucleotides

Answer: Because double stranded RNA can induce silencing of the gene based on the base pairing principles. For example, presence of double stranded RNA triggers RNA interference by attracting the protein complex called Dicers, a nuclease which produces miRNAs. The dicer nuclease cleaves double stranded RNA into small fragments which is about 23 nucleotides, these fragments are called small interfering RNAs. These SiRNAs are coupled with Argonaute and other components

The more that is known about DNA and RNA the better we understand on how it reacts, replicates, and produces proteins in varying environments. With the information that have today we have a rather sufficient grasp on how DNA replicates itself, how DNA produces RNA and vice versa, how RNA replicates itself, and how RNA makes the final product of proteins. Here, we will specifically look at how DNA transcribes into RNA within bacteria and eukaryotes. The main differences between the two transcription

Each DNA molecule is made up of two strands which intertwine to form a double helix. The form of the stucture which looks like a ladder is each nucleotide base is a DNA strand which links with another nucleotide base via hydrogen bonds in a second strand of DNA. The bases cross link in a certain order such as A adenine will only link with T thymine and the other way around then C cytosine will only link with G guanine and the other way around. When reproduction is formed from parents to off spring

containing many RNA. The gene then unzips and unwinds from its zip because the Hydrogen bonds have been broken down between the nucleotide. The RNA that are free line up in one chain of DNA which is known as the template strand and they make hydrogen bond which is temporary with their complementary bases. Adenine from RNA pairs with Thymine from DNA, Guanine from RNA pairs with cytosine from DNA, Uracil from RNA pairs with adenine from DNA and this reaction is catalyzed from RNA polymerase enzyme

and shape. They do not have a nucleus, instead viruses have one or two strands of dna and rna to protect it. This coat is called a capsin, some viruses have another protective layer called envelope. Viruses needs host cells to infect so it can reproduce. Viruses exist as a capsid or protein coat and sometimes enclosed within a membrane when not attached to its host. The capsid

The purpose of transcription is to synthesize pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) and make it into mature mRNA by using the information found in DNA. The more basic way of explaining it is to rewrite DNA into RNA. This process involves DNA, specifically promoter, coding and termination sequences. It also uses the enzyme, RNA polymerase, a protein complex that reads the DNA template and make RNA. The goal of transcription is to make messenger RNA or proteins. There are three stages of transcription: Stage

These bonded nitrogenous bases are called base pairs. The different sequences of these base pairs make you. Now RNA structure is like DNA, but instead of deoxyribose, it has ribose. Then it has nucleotides just like DNA, but instead of thymine there is uracil. Also, RNA has a single helix which means there is 1 strand that forms a spiral shape. If you look close enough at the image on the right, you can see that the single helix looks like

Potential epigenetic players: non-coding RNAs Contrary to the central dogma which states that RNA is the messenger between genes and the proteins they encode, ncRNAs have emerged as major transcriptional units that do not encode proteins, but have many different functions, one being regulation of gene expression [24, 25]. Only 2% of the genome is transcribed and the remainder are ncRNAs [15]. NcRNAs have been found to influence all aspects of cancer biology as shown in Figure 1 [26]. There is

DETAILED STRUCTURE OF A DOUBLE HELICAL DNA. A DNA molecule consists of a double helical structure made up of two strands running in opposite directions and twisted around each other. The helical structure of a DNA molecule is similar to the structure a corkscrew or a spring. Running in opposite directions meant that the DNA strands are anti-parallel to each other where one strand has 3’ end at its terminal while the other strand has 5’ end at its terminal. 5’ and 3’ indicates the carbon numbers in

three main components of a nucleotide which are a pentose sugar which can be either deoxyribose or ribose, a phosphate molecule and one of the 4 nitrogenous bases e.g. Adenine, Cytosine etc. 1c) There are 2 bases which make two different bases in the RNA and DNA, which are Pyrimidines and Purines. Adenine and Guanine are purine bases because they are large bases and they each also have 2 rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms and purines also tend to be double ring bases. Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines

strand and replaces it with DNA, at adjacent 3’ end and fill in with DNA nucleotides. Polymerase III: It continuously synthesises the leading strand, adding on to the primer. It attaches nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction. Primase: Synthesises a single RNA primer at the 5’ of the strand. Ligase: It joins Okazaki fragments by phosphodiester bonds. An enzyme called helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA .Several small

The overexpression of mir-218 miRNA can be determined by the use of many different techniques. One popular method would be quantitative real-time PCR, which starts with total RNA being extracted from a tissue sample by TRIZOL reagent REF, followed by reverse transcription with stem-loop-specific primers. The stem refers to a region complimentary to a known sequence on the 3’ end of the miRNA and the loop refers to a universal primer-binding sequence. The cDNA product then acts as a template for