Elizabeth Loftus: False Memory

Each of the authors is of a psychological background in education, and their credentials are a positive sign in this topic. They considered that age could be a definitive factor in whether or not a person remembers their abuse, and stated that in a study it was found that people abused in ages 3-5 likely would not recall it at a later date. In the second article, “Repressed Memories: True and False”, there was another authority on the subject, author Andrew D. Reisner. Reisner’s view was that recovered memories could be accurate. Though, he also states that the theory that repressed memories themselves may not actually exist is extreme and unjustified. He says that while he believes memories can be repressed and recalled, there is a risk of false

Have you ever discovered that something you know to be correct was in fact wrong? If so how did you react? And what would you do if your parents and friends claim that one of your childhood memories that you remember distinct details of actually never happened? You will probably think that you must be misremembering it. There are some occasions in which a group of people misremember some events or physicality in the same certain way. This phenomenon is called the “Mandela Effect”. The name comes from the instance in which many people believed that Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa, died in prison in the 1980s, prior to his actual death in 2013. The first person to come up with the term was a self-described author and a researcher named Fiona Broome. She was certain that Nelson Mandela died in prison, when he was actually still alive. She even said that she remembered the news clips of Nelson Mandela’s funeral, the heartfelt speech by his widow, the mourning in South Africa, and some rioting in cities. Later, she observed that a large number of people remembered the same history about Nelson Mandela that she recalled. While doing research about this argument, she discovered several other examples of the case. In the examples of the Mandela Effect not a couple of people, but many people remember the details wrong way. How come so many people remember the details wrong? Is this not a bit weird? How can we explain this phenomenon?

Remembering something that never happened can be dangerous. False memories are seen as a touchy subject in the psychology field. They tend to happen in therapy sessions with a professional and usually include memories where one was abused as a child. They can tear families apart and cause great harm to people. It is very hard to prove a false memory as false and there is no absolute certainness that it can be proven. Why do these memories happen? There is no straight answer on what causes these false memories, but in recent studies, there have been determining factors found as to what might affect a false memory being created. Some of these determining factors include; suggestibility, arousal, and mere exposure, (Bernstein &

Going to the article again and to our book, I do agree with points expressing that how repressed memories can also be false memories that are just making monsters by the active imagination. There are some cases of repressed memories that lead to false accusations and might destroy someone’s reputation and ruin their

Memory affects the way people think and what they do after an epidemic. In the novel Station Eleven, by Emily St. John Mandel, memory plays an important role for Kirsten, Clark, and François. These three characters all create and collect to live in their memories; Kirsten gets tattoos and Clark makes a museum, while François creates a library and publishes newspapers.

Lying occurs constantly as an excuse or a way out of a situation. Lying can also be used to seek an easier solution out of a problem or scenario. Whether people lie in a blatant way, or just secretly, by the end of the situation someone is always affected by it. In the novel The Memory Keepers Daughter by Kim Edwards, lies are always being told to solve problems more easily. Throughout the novel, lies like the death of David's new born baby, Phoebe, have an impact on every main character f, as they see their lives turned around for the worst. Whether it is the fact that lying affected David's character, or that it ended Carolines's young life short, or even ended David's relationship with Norah, lying always ends up affecting someone in the end of it. The secret David withholds from Norah about Phoebe, affects Davids relationships and characters with the loved ones closest to him.

A humans memory contains all that they have learnt and all they have experienced. Memories allow moments of today and yesterday last tomorrow and forever. It may seem that memories are a reliable source of information for a large majority of individuals but what would they think if their memories were actually wrong? To realize the memories that have been held in their minds for so long are inaccurate would cause great confusion and denial, which is the exact effect it has on them. Several people truly believe the reason why such a significant amount of others along with themselves have false memories is The Mandela Effect. The Mandela Effect is a conspiracy theory which focuses on parallel universes not only existing but also intertwining

For question 5, I thought cars was going around 28 to 30 miles per hour. I was in the "hit". I guess my perception of the speed was slightly slower when compared to Derrick's response. I assumed this because to the front of taxi had no visible damages. Some word and questions did influence me. I am shocked because the questions, for example “Was the animal that crossed the road moments before the accident a dog or a cat?” or “Was the windshield completely shattered or just cracked near the driver’s side mirror?”, had me reviewing the video seven to eight times scrutinizing the details. Actually, those questions I answered there was not much time and information present to answer the question. I was honest. It is baffling that there was not cat or dog, or cracked mirror, or red light.

An increasingly conspicuous phenomenon is the Mandela Effect. It relates directly to confabulation, which is defined as a disturbance in memory, without the consciences’ intention to deceive. This means that someone can remember something to be a certain way and be very intent in it’s truth, but in reality the memory is incorrect. For example, the majority of society remembers the popular children book series being titled ‘Berenstein Bears’. If you look back at the books, they are actually titled ‘Berenstain Bears’, which many people don’t recall it ever being called. While our brains do make errors, the Mandela Effect addresses a large group of people all having identical memories but they are incorrect. This causes a confusion in society. So many people remember something the same way, but it is not the truth. Because of this problem, reality seems to be distorted and the accuracy of our brains is in question. The Mandela Effect makes it impossible for us to trust our societal brain.

It has been seen that humans are, for the most part, the most social beings on Earth. We need others like us: friends. Friendship is a thing a value very much, and if it is not taken care of it will wither away and die. Elizabeth Constance Ingrassia has been a name I have known since kindergarten. She was a girl who I never really talked to outside of work-time in groups and never had any business with. The only memory I have of her before middle school is when she peed herself during computer time, and I volunteered to take her to change back in the classroom. The scene itself had been hilarious to my young mind, but I left myself composed in order not to embarrass her further. But, years later, we were reunited in 7th grade Spanish class

Although on the surface, the element of memory in the study of psychology may seem basic and rudimentary, the depths of memory are essentially, untapped. To truly understand the depths of memory, one must understand the storage of memory, the recollection of memory, and the processes of sharing memories. In order to obtain a better understanding of the subject matter, the examination of the independent documentary, Stories We Tell, was applied. Memory is also conceptualized into types, stages, and processes. These principles were measured in the lucrative and thorough examination of a childhood memory. In order to ensure the reliability and validity of the memory, the use of self-recollection, the use of recording, and the use of sharing with

In the article, she mentioned about many cases of repressed memories. For example, a murdered case in California, Susan kay Nason was killed by George Franklin, Sr.  Eileen, his 8-year-old daughter witnessed the fact. It took her more than 20 years to remember the story. According to the theory, she was so shocking when she saw the scene, and this feeling grabbed hold of the memory in inaccessible corner of unconscious. But many years later, she has recovered while she was playing with her children. Many researchers tried to proof the authenticity of repression but it did not have scientific evidence. Even there were a lot of criticisms, the number of cases of this memories has still gone up. It is difficult to ignore this fact. Therefore, People could sue for sexual abuse during childhood lawfully (Loftus, 1993).

False memory syndrome in 1986, Nadean Cool a nurse’s aide in Wisconsin sought therapy from a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist used hypnosis and other suggestive techniques to dig out buried (false) memories of abuse. When cool finally realize that false memory has been implanted she sued the psychiatrist for malpractice and her case was settled out for court for 2.4 million dollars (Loftus, 1997). In Missouri, a church counsellor helped Beth Rutherford to remember during therapy that her father, a clergyman had regularly raped her between the ages of 7 and 14. Under her therapist’s guidance, Rutherford developed memories of her father twice impregnating her and forcing her to abort the fetus herself with coat

In “Do Cognitive Interview Instructions Contribute To False Beliefs And Memories?”, the two authors, Stefanie J. Sharman and Martine B. Powell discuss about a research study that took place over a span of fifteen years. The purpose of this study was to see if exposing people to cognitive interview could create false beliefs and/or false memories. In this study, the participants participated in 3 sessions receiving different instruction pertaining to how they will receive information. In the first session, they were asked to make four ratings out of ten childhood events, followed with the rating of how probable the even was for the overall person in general and a rating of their confidence about that experience they had before the age of 10;

Love. A singular feeling I have when I look at him. My Mr. Hooper, I am ecstatic that I get to marry the love of my life, MY Reverend. When I am with him, I feel as if I am on top of a cloud floating above reality. It is a feeling unlike any other. It has the perks of being happy, that feeling in your gut from guilt, and it settles your brain like peace does. Two weeks too this day I will officially be married to my best friend and will become Mrs. Hooper.