Instinctive judgement is crucial to our survival. Our sense perception allow us to explore and gather observations from the world around us. Yet, this also threatens to overwhelm us, as our brain cannot denote equal importance and attention to every single piece of information. The brain taps into our previous experiences and preconceptions, and identifies the consequential pieces of information, directing our attention to them, and discarding the rest. This instinctive and rapid process helps us stay focus on and respond to the task on hand - whether it is driving, working, or just simply surviving. Yet, we know that these instinctive judgements, which are created by our assumptions and experience, are prone to be biased. If so, how can we …show more content…
But do these devices actually act as a checks to the information gained by our instinctive judgements? This is what I shall explore in this essay. To communicate our judgements and observations, must use language as a medium. Language can come in many forms - verbal and nonverbal, represented in words, objects, or images, and continue subtleties such as tone, gesture, and symbolism. What is essential, however, is that both the sender and receiver are able to understand the words, the non-verbal cues, and references made. When this fails, inaccuracies in knowledge occur. In most languages, connotations of words plays a powerful role in manipulating meaning. We are all familiar with how writers choose specific words to describe and create imagery for the reader, and how they allow us to escape into a world where …show more content…
They are, to a large extent, determined by the context of the stimuli, one’s experiences, and one’s culture. Often times we seem to believe that emotion is a threat to knowledge and rational decision making - our impulses can cause us to make irrational decisions, the inflamed language of politicians and advertisers can manipulate the public’s perception, while trauma and fear can cause indecision and inaction. Some studies in cognitive psychology do indeed find emotions as a threat to knowledge. This can be seen in the theory of flashbulb memory, which states that during a dramatic and emotional event, such as a national tragedy or a natural disaster, we form highly vivid snapshots; people tend to have “very clear memories of where they were, what they did, and what they felt when they first learned about [the event]” (Crane 91). While these memories are characterized by seemingly being “[enhanced in] vividness and confidence” (Talarico 460), they are in truth equally prone to the same decay, inaccuracies, and the influence of post-event information as normal memories. It is also found that the more intense the emotion felt by the person, the more confident he is in his memory. In this case, emotions does not just fail to check our initial judgements and feelings, they actually encourages us to retain and believe in the inaccurate
"We can at least try to understand our own motives, passions, and prejudices, so as to be conscious of what we are doing when we appeal to those of others. This is very difficult, because our own prejudice and emotional bias always seems to us so rational." - T. S. Eliot Personal bias is a strong motivator, whether we are aware of it or not. It can change the way we view a situation or event, just because of what we choose to pay attention to.
Though not entirely rational, confirmation bias is how beliefs are made
Then he states that it is not the word that is the culprit, but the meaning behind them
In the epigraph of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, Ellison quoted, “Harry: I tell you, it is not me you are looking at…but that other person, if person, you thought I was: let your necrophily feed upon that carcase… [sic]” This quote from T. S. Eliot’s Family Reunion portrays one of Ellison’s chief themes in many of his works. This inclination towards seeing what you want to see and omitting all else is, in psychology, called the confirmation bias. Individuals do this subconsciously every day without fail. Whether this bias is shown through writing a persuasive essay, or through explaining an issue to a colleague or friend, it plays a large role in many of our lives.
Anyone can read a history textbook assigned in class and understand the events in their minds, but understanding the emotion of the people who were there at the events are lost in blank monotone text. Being able to recite events dryly from your textbook is not knowing one’s history. In order to fully understand history, you have to be able to understand every aspect of the events. Every emotion, thought, and desire of the people who were there as the history was made. In order to tell history, you need to attach emotion to the words being expressed so that the reader can fully understand what happened.
Vladimír Nepraš (UČO: 13571) Mgr. Robert Švábenský Twentieth-Century US literature 20th October 2015 Instinct Versus Conventionality If Edna Pontellier met Daisy Miller they would probably understand each other.
Most bias shows itself very discreetly hiding behind walls : ideas we may not know we have a bias about. While other biases are very up front and obvious, these are the prejudgments seen in everyday life. “While you judge me by my outward appearance I am silently doing the same to you, … there's a ninety-percent chance that in both cases our assumptions are wrong.” (Richelle E. Goodrich) Our preconceived notions about others' appearance limit our ability to read people in the correct way because we are stuck seeing one thing.
Laziness is a trait that the human race possess by nature. That being said, people are most likely to search for the most economical ways to move about or do things (Oaklander, 2015). Similarly, when it comes to making judgments, human beings tend to look for the easiest and shortest ways possible. Such aspect of the human race is considerably heuristic, which can generally be defined as a cognitive rule of thumb that helps an individual to solve problems or make decisions in a quick and easy manner. According to Schneider, Gruman, and Coutts, it is common and automatic for people to use cognitive shortcuts when making judgments, in the processing of new information (2012).
Implicit bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. These biases are triggered reluctantly and without a person’s cognizance or deliberate thought process. Unlike known biases in which a person can choose to express or hide, implicit bias’s lay hidden away in one’s subconscious where they cannot
Cognitive biases are tendencies to think in certain ways that can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgment. This bias occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them and attempting to simplify it would skew the processing while making decisions. Not all biases are bad, however they can lead to errors in situations such as social pressures, emotions, or individual motives that would limit the human thinking. Perceptual bias is a tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of an available image or piece of data while ignoring others. Perceiving expectations while focusing attention on a particular set is remaining selective and can be distinguished by emotional connotation,
Therefore, according to Oatley, a series of actions which accomplishes a goal is a plan, and the influential aspects of emotion on the mind can be determined by looking at a course of action (Oatley, 28). If I studied hard for an exam, but didn’t do well, I may become angry, because I was unable to achieve my goal to ace the exam. Thus, our state of emotion may be intrinsically tied to planning and achieving certain goals. To understand emotions, it is imperative to analyze how subgoals are present in hierarchies and when combined, accomplish a goal via the completion of a series of actions. Furthermore, modeling situations that relied solely on knowledge and computation were rarely able to predict outcomes in reality (Oatley, 31).
The cognitive level of analysis aims to study how the inner processes of the mind processes information gained, and how they are interpreted and applied into the real world. Within this level of analysis, it was found that the cognitive and biological factors of our mind influence how we feel, or in other words, our emotions. Emotion can be defined as the body’s response to any specific situation. As all human beings can express how they feel through facial expressions, this suggests that emotions are biological rather than cognitive. However, emotions can be dependent on both the cognitive and biological factors of our body.
The research study focused on suppression of visual memories. Researchers first believed that majority of trauma had a visual aspect (University of Cambridge, 2014). That most people who have some type of traumatic experiences like military war or some detrimental close encounter visualizes traumatic experience. That these fortunate circumstances had been imbedded in their psyche and with something so traumatic they will never forget the
Studies show that every choice of ours is affected by biased views, which came into existence from past experiences. This bias is known as priming, it is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus; perceptual pattern, influences the response to another
This essay will discuss the statement by William James, “-whilst part of what we perceive comes through our senses but another part (and it may be the larger part) always comes out of our head.” (James, 1890). This excerpt relates to the topic of perception, which can be defined as the acquisition and processing of sensory information to see, hear, taste, or feel objects, whilst guiding an organism’s actions with respect to those objects (Sekuler & Blake, 2002). Every theory of perception begins with the question of what features of the surrounding environment can be apprehended through direct pickup (Runeson et al. 2000). Is it only vague elemental cues that are available, and development and expansion through cognitive processes is required