Milgram’s Experiment and Learned Helplessness Martian Seligman • The purpose of the research that is described in the study • The research methods that were used • The general results that were found (results do not need to be described in detail) • The conclusions that were drawn • The overall implications of the research History: Milgram’s Experiment was the experiment with the electric shock to the “student” by the (teacher) and every time the (student) got the answer wrong. The (teacher) would send a shock to them using buttons from the other side of the room. With every wrong answer the electric shock would go up in the shock. This Experiment was one of the unethical practices because there was some emotional distress on the (teacher) who was the one administering the electric shock. The reason for this experiment was to see if the obedience of a person is truly possible to even obey direct …show more content…
Methods: Milgram’s was at the Harvard University and it was conducted with men ranging in various ages and social statues. They were to be told what to do, how to do it, and to keep on going because the experiment asked for it. Learned Helplessness was about the same as Milgram’s experiment, but it was just to show that shocks for bad behavior could have negative repercussions. It completely stopped the dog from having any type of motivation to do anything. Results: The Results for both experiments where very scary, in to knowing that a person can be pushed to the limits and do things that they would never do. Also, to know that there is a breaking point in everything and everyone to just shut down completely. Conclusions: People can be obedient to orders that are giving to them and being push to the limit can make someone just stop
Slater references Daniel Goldhagen who argues that “‘His obedience theories just don’t apply,”’ and that Milgram’s experiments don’t include any time to consider their actions, unlike the real world (56). Milgram forced his subjects into an unrealistic position. If the subjects had been given time to think about what was happening and choose the best action, I am confident that nearly every subject would have held their hand. Slater even says that the experiment had subjects in hysteria to the point of “…strangled hee-haws and belly-aching bursts,” (44). This just shows how unrealistic of a scenario Milgram had created.
1. What rationale do the author(s) give for conducting the study? The author that is conducting this research is testing the obedience of a subject when dealing with “stocking a victim” by use of a shock generator. There are thirty levels of shock that are generated varying from a slight shock to a severe shock.
Not properly explaining what exactly the experiment is, letting people back out or end it when the shocks have been administrated could produce a fatal ending. The subjects administering the shocks could be sadists
During Stanley Milgram’s 1960’s study, he made subjects believe that they were harming another subject in order to test obedience. He did this by having the subject ask an actor, who was pretending to be another subject, to remember a word out of a series of words. Whenever the actor fail to get the word correct, the subject would flip a switch that he believe was administering an increasing electric charge. They were told not to stop and to continue increasing the voltage even after the actor began yelling and begging them to stop, and even after he stopped responding all together. The study was to see just how far people are willing to go to follow the orders of an authoritative figure.
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response.
Conformity In 1963, Stanley Miligran and Philip Zimbardo conducted a social experiment in which two people were partnered up, one the teacher, one the learner. Their goal was to see how far the learner would go in obeying the teachers’ commands. This was an important experiment in the world because it shows how easy it is for evil people to use their power for corruption, even in giving innocent people orders. Miligran was inspired to do this experiment while reviewing the holocaust.
Consequently, Milgram had taken the opposite approach, while his experiment did use pain to see if the learner would obey the teacher more. “When the destructive effects of their work became patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority” (Milgram 587). The participants knew that these actions were not in their best interest but still decided to obey. It can be argued that more experiments may be taken on in the near future that will appear ethical to the public eye. Both Milgram and Zimbardo can agree that they were in shock from their findings.
Each of the recruited men took the role of "teacher" who was then told to give an electric shock every time the student gave an incorrect answer, increasing the shock each time. The teacher believed that he was actually supplying real electric shocks to the student, but in reality the “student” was a hired actor pretending to be in pain when
Why do people follow orders or directions given by authority figures? People tend to obey orders from people they recognize as a higher authority pose a threat to their safety. This can occur in many places and situations like families, work, and even school. This was put to test when Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment in 1963. The author notes, “Milgram was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person,” (Mcleod 1).
Switches were clearly labelled with voltage 15-450 volts. The teacher was actually naïve subject but Learner was an actor who didn’t even get a single shock. The purpose of this experiment was to see how far Teacher can go in the critical situation when shocks volts rise and Learner’s pain increased. Screaming and pain of the Learner made Teacher hesitating in proceeding far. To get freedom from this situation, Teacher must disobey to the
On the other hand research has suggested (Haslam and Reicher ) that people do not always obey orders in the face of authority. As Haslam and Reicher ( ) studied the prods used in Milgram’s experiments and found that participants objected strongly to prod 4 given by the experimenter stating that ‘’you have no other choice ‘’ by insisting that they do by discontinuing. In addition to this identification was found to be a strong predictor of the maximum level of shock administered. As the participants identification with the learner was a strong negative predictor of the maximum level of shock delivered, whereas identification with the experimenter was a moderate yet non-significant predictor of the maximum level of shock delivered, this closely resembled the behaviour observed
Obedience to Authority experiment, which was also known as the Milgram experiment, was considered as one of the most famous and ethically criticized experiment in psychological history. In 1961, Milgram performed the first of a series of experiments to test how far individuals would go in obeying orders given by authority, even when the orders could violate their moral standards and cause harms to innocent individuals. In the experiment, the subjects were told that the purpose of the study was to test how punishment effects the learning. Milgram selected 40 normal adult men between the ages of 20 and 50 from different backgrounds and occupations as the experimental subjects. The participants were assigned the role of the teacher, whereas a
That was the justifications at the end of World War II that Nazi Germans gave when they were at trail for the acts of genocide against the Jews. In the experiment the researcher just presented himself as an authoritative figured without the need to recur to extremes in forcing the teacher to continue on with the experiment. I can imagine someone following orders from a police officer or a drill sergeant even with the hesitation of the guilty conscious in carrying out an inhuman act to please the authorities, but a simple, average man with knowledge on how the machine works could manage to influence and pressure most of the teachers to reach up to the four hundred and fifty volts. This shows me that if anyone who can appear to be an authority has that much influence on people, than the government with its structure and power can control the population and press down on them its demands; most likely it will be carried out. I also was surprised that even though the teachers were stressed at the screams of the learner when inflicting the shocks, they would look to the researcher for guidance or approbation as if they did not have a choice to
The teacher was shown the shock panel which had 30 lever switches, that ‘administered’ the shock to the learner in the next room. The shocks started at 15 volts and increased in 15 volt increments, all the way to 450 volts, with the labels ranging from slight shock to very strong shock to danger: intensity shock to the last two shocks labelled simply as XXX. The teacher was told that he were to administer shocks to leaner if he got the answer wrong, every time after the learner got shocked, it then went up in intervals of 15 volts. During the experiment if the teacher became hesitant, the experimenter would then encourage him to keep going using the following commands, “Please continue”, “The experiment requires that you continue”, “It is absolutely essential that you continue”, and “You have no other choice, you must go
One reason people did not like this experiment is because the people asking the questions and giving the electric shocks had huge amounts of stress put on them. They wanted to listen to the authority figure but were torn because they knew what they were doing was wrong and inhumane! Many times the people would stop the shocks for a