Risks In Genetic Counselling

In eugenic impacts individuals may go into wretchedness as they may be mindful of the issue they have and can't get hitched to the individual they may like or have a posterity as it may bring about entanglements for the new conceived which will be truly hard on them .individuals prompt such couples not to go for a kid as he or she may be worn with the same issue and in this manner influencing the life of the unborn from numerous points of

Despite controversy, the actual science behind the creation of designer babies is supported not only by the public but also the reproductive medical community in regards to genetic disease screening to ensure only healthy embryos are selected.

When one hears the word Eugenics, one associates it with the terrible actions of Nazi Germany, but Germany was not the only country, which adopted the horrible social movement known as Eugenics. It took place in countries such as Great Britain, Sweden, Australia, USA and many more, all of whom introduced policies and programs such as birth control, marriage restrictions, segregation, forced abortions and sterilization, and worst of all genocide with aims to improve the human race by potentially breeding out undesired traits and ridding society of all those deemed as “unfit”. The idea of breeding out undesirable genes or traits is loaded with problematic value judgments, and the various ways that such ideas have been implemented as policy have scared many people and lead to the deaths of millions of people, therefore it undoubtedly has a bad reputation.

There has been much debate over altering D.N.A in the next generation of citizens. Many people are disagreeing over the ethics involved with gene editing. Using fairly new technology, Crispr-Cas 9, scientist can now alter D.N.A to eliminate some life threatening diseases and mutations by cutting out unhealthy strands of D.N.A, and replacing it with new ones. More controversially, scientist now have the power to change external appearance and character traits of babies, also know as “designer babies.” Genetic engineering should only be used in most dire situations, only to cure life threatening diseases.

In an ethical perspective, eugenics can be examined in two different ways, method and aim.

Many biologists/geneticists are in favor of eugenics due to the possibility of advancing the human race, limiting disease, and decreasing the occurrence of negative mutations, while others believe eugenic practices are unethical, useless, and have more potential for harm. Eugenic practices have proven to be extremely controversial, so I will focus on discussing the potential impacts of eugenics on the human body, society, and morality.

According to Munson (2014), through genetic screening or testing, birth of infants with debilitating or crippling defects can be avoided. Also through testing, disease and illness could be eradicated because the gene that causes the disease or illness would not be passed on to the next generation. This is consider eugenics. Some in the medical field have a negative feeling towards this, as if to be playing God. There are others in the medical field on the extreme end feel that laws should be developed that couples with known genes that cause genetic disorders must not have children or if they do selection of embryos are done (Munson, 2014). Genetic testing is expensive and not all insurance cover specialized testing and many cannot afford out-of-pocket cost. Other issues considered is that if a child is born with a genetic disorder or illness, what strain could the lifelong treatment required by the child put on the finances of the family, their insurance, or would the child qualify for state and/or federal medical benefits. Advocates for genetic testing due to the increasing cost and strain on the health care system, the amount of money spent on tests to diagnosis or treat is much cheaper than that of money spent on the care of a child with disabilities (Munson, 2012). Considerations in regards to the future of an infant born with a genetic disease or illness with regards to issues as personal image, self-esteem, and the

Eugenics is the science of using artificial selection to improve genetic features of the population. It is thought that improvement of the human race can be seen through sterilization of people who exhibit undesirable traits and selective breeding. Often called Social Darwinism, the concept was widely accepted during the time of World War I. It quickly became a taboo after World War II when Nazi Germany used it as an excuse for genocide. The thought of improving the human race by manipulating who is allowed to breed can either be appalling or compelling. There are a few appealing aspects to the act of eugenics. If eugenics were applied, the world could potentially see a decrease in disease, a rise in intelligence, and heightened physical aesthetic in humans. But, ethically it crosses many boundaries that have prevented this idea from going into world-wide effect in the past.

Editing of the human genome in the past has been only a sight seen in dystopia works such as Brave New World. Now, genetic enhancement is a prevalent today and people are beginning to realize the issues that can arise from creating these designer babies. Gene editing can be helpful to eradicate life changing disabilities. Yet, the term disability does not correctly label these differently abled people, as the idea of what is considered disabled has changed overtime. To fully understand the consequences and implications of genetic selection and enhancement of human embryos, society must mature and declare lines of what is and is not ethically moral.

Ethical duties of genetic testing is a challenge among healthcare workers. Ethical dilemmas are created due to situations resulting from genetic testing. Ethical dilemmas is created when genetic testing reveals vital information to a patient and the patient refuses to disclose information to family members that can be affected. Healthcare workers are to protect the privacy of patient’s health records according to the Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) (Butts & Rich, 2016). On the other hand, according to the American Nurses Association (ANA) the primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people or the population as a whole (Butts & Rich, 2016). Healthcare workers are faced with an ethical choice. The ethical choice for genetic testing is to reveal information to family members if the greatest outcome is beneficial to the family member.

A person who owns a small portion of someone's genes may be the deciding factor on whether a person's illness is further researched or put on hold. Should a person be given this much power over our very genes inside us whose research could save lives and cure diseases? A physician, Michael Crichton, who wrote “Patenting Life” and a economist, John Calfee, who wrote “Decoding the Use of Gene Patents” both discuss this medicinal dilemma. Crichton and Calfee share the same concerns, but they have both come to different conclusions regarding the future that gene patenting holds on research.

Eugenics is used as a factor to differentiate people, opposed to eugenics being used to improve people as it usually is. These mutations, or deviations in this case, are what cause people to differ from “the true image” and be banished to the Fringes. However, deviations are not restricted to just humans, but are also common in plants but with a few differences. As David says, “They were things which did not look right — that is to say, did not look like their parents, or parent-plants”(19), are the main differences that everybody learns about. Eugenics is not common today, but nowhere near the mutations that were caused by a nuclear war. Waknuk has some examples of these mutations, and they include deviated crops, mutated animals, and even mental mutations like telepathy within David and Rosalind. Eugenics is a topic that is used in the opposite way in this book, and the extremes to which these mutations have gone definitely helps to show the dystopian setting in this

Mr. Howk explained that this would be the greatest thing scientists could achieve, if this were to become real. “We could get rid of mental and physical disorders while children are still in the womb! It’s been proven that stealing is a mental disorder – kleptomania – so maybe other negative things could be mental disorders too! We could get rid of thieves and murderers and homosexuals and gypsies and Jews!” Of course, we were all shocked by this sudden change of direction and stopped taking notes to look up at him. He was completely straight-faced. “And that’s why,” he continued, “eugenics would also be extremely dangerous and negative as well.” His point was that any large amount of power in the wrong hands could be dangerous and that, especially when it comes to science, we should all avoid extremes and be careful not to ‘play God’.

Since scientists found out the sequenced the human genome in 2003, a number of studies of genetics and genomics have greatly contributed to determining the multiple factors of how acute and chronic diseases develop and progress, such as cancer or cardiovascular disease. Cancer is no longer a single disease, which occurs combined with other different disease-causing factors. The sequencing of the human genome is a powerful tool to diagnose and treat disease in a medical environment. This rapid advance in genomes studies can help many people to prevent and to treat the gene-based diseases, and healthcare professionals also are urged to use this knowledge in practice. However, these advancements in genomics are accompanied by many legal, ethical,

Would it be acceptable if the preimplantation genetic diagnosis provides the opportunity and hearing impaired parents choose to have a child with hearing disability? Some people draw parallels with intentionally harming a baby, e.g. depriving the child of his/her hearing sense . Thus, they say, it is unethical. Some people argue that by choosing the child with disability it harms the society . However, ethical considerations for this problems becomes difficult when it is difficult to decide what is a disability. Deaf community often argues that hearing impairment is a culture, thus it should be permitted to choose a child with the same culture as them3. Therefore, one