CASTE BASED RESERVATIONS
The Indian society has a high degree of structural inequality based on the doctrine of the caste system. The caste system is based on the principle of pollution purity, which involves the division of people into castes with unequal and hierarchical assignment of economic and civil rights ascribed by birth. Social exclusion among the castes is ensured through the practices of endogamy and social separation. Exclusion is, thus, internal to the system, and a necessary outcome of its basic features.
The untouchable castes located at the bottom of the hierarchy suffered the most as they were historically denied the rights to property, business (except the occupations that were considered as impure and polluting), education, civil, cultural, and religious rights. They also suffered from residential segregation and social isolation.
The Dalits are one of the most suppressed and backward communities in the Indian society. They were referred to as ‘Broken Men’ and ‘Protestant Hindus’ by Ambedkar, and ‘Harijans’ or children of God by Gandhi.
The government drafted various legislations and statutes which are influenced by two main considerations:
• To overcome the deprivations of the marginalised social groups inherited from the past, and bring them at par with the others; and
• To provide protection against exclusion and discrimination in the present by encouraging their participation in the general economic, social and political processes of the
The caste system holds the view that a person's caste influences their decision-making regarding marriage, employment, education, etc. Despite the fact that it is still in use today, the caste system underwent some major changes over time in India. In today’s time, according to Pew Research center they stated how in India, caste segregation is still widely practiced. For instance, a huge percentage of Brahmins said they would not accept a member of a scheduled caste as a neighbor. However, the majority of Indians believe that caste discrimination is not a major issue in the nation, and two-thirds of those who identify with scheduled castes or tribes also believe that their specific groups don't face a lot of prejudice.
A high level of government participation and social support provided various factors of social components to address senior disparities. In this case, provincial government level is playing an important role on making structures decisions in terms of bettering the system running of the GIS program. Income inequalities brought burden to society in many aspects as a whole. The side effect of low income situation also caused the problem of undesirable housing, less health care protection, low activity participation, disappointed living sanitation and affordable food supplement, yet still brings other impacts that are influencing senior’s living conditions regarding disadvantaged seniors in Canada. However, the premier and cabinet, often referred to as the Executive Council, is the central policy-making authority, even though other structures are created to mediate it’s rile.
Along with this particular social the issue, it is mandatory to suggest a few ideas on how the government
The main purpose of social rented dwellings is to provide the opportunity of decent housing for the low-income. Therefore the target group is mainly the immigrants. Since the public housing is kept under control by the government, they might decide to allocate dwellings in a certain neighborhood exclusively to non- immigrants. Housing associations can subtly refuse to register immigrant families by saying that no large dwellings are currently vacant or by asking high registration fees. (van Kempen, Schutjens, van Weesep, 2002).
A historical example of the use of enforcement and regulation of the poor is vagrancy laws. Emerging in England, vagrancy laws were prominent in 1349 after the Black Death resulted in a significant labour shortage (Esmonde, 2002). Legislation was enacted at this time to protect landowners by ensuring wages remained reasonable, making the refusal of work a criminal offence for the able-bodied, and restricting the solicitation of alms (Esmonde, 2002). According to Esmonde (2002), this was the beginning of criminalizing able-bodied individuals who were unemployed – the 'undeserving ', while providing relief to those unable to work due disability, age, or mobility – the 'deserving '.
History of the particular policy domain, social and political processes, like McGirr in “Making Radical Reform” and Alexander in “The Rebirth of Caste”, policies regulating the use of substances, the prohibition of alcohol in McGirr and the War on Drugs in Alexander, were developed in response to larger social and political power struggles around ethnicity and or race. In McGirr's reading, we can see an illustration of how prohibition was linked to racism affecting the latest immigration waves in the nineteenth century. In the New Jim Crow, Alexander described the racialization of drugs such as crack cocaine as the primary factor for the brutal policy response. The drug war in the United States has constantly exposed large amounts to criminalization,
In addition, Gandhi disagreed with some features of the caste system, especially the brutal treatment of the untouchables (Wadley 202). The untouchables were the lowest caste in the system, and lived at the lowest level of society. They were considered the least pure, and were not able to come in contact with those of a higher caste, due to the fact that they may risk “spiritually polluting” the person in the higher caste (Wadley 189-190). From the M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence, Gandhi has spoken several times about the awfulness of untouchability, stating that God would strongly disagree with
1. Introduction Income inequality has grown significantly during this past decades and this phenomenon continues to increase over the years. This problem is constantly discussed in the daily news all around the world. Several consequences of this increase of inequality between people leads to economic problems such as high unemployment rates, lack of work for young people, fall of demand for certain product. The gap between rich and poor is increasing, the rich are richer and the poor are poorer as a result politicians and economists try to adopt certain policies in order to reduce this gap.
The strategic purpose of school governors is to support the school in many ways. This includes, making sure there is a clear vision, ethos and strategic direction within the school. They support the head teacher and hold them accountable for the educational performance of the school and its pupils. They will oversee the financial performance of the school and make sure its money is spent in the right areas. They will also carry out a number of other significant duties, which include the appointing and dismissing of staff, hearing appeals and grievances, forming policy on the school's curriculum, setting standards for pupils' behaviour and discipline and setting and monitoring the school's aims and policies.
For anybody, being employed can have a crucial impact on their lives. It also has great importance on our social and material well being. Income, self-esteem, identity and sense of independence are just a number of benefits that people can gain from being an active and useful member of the workforce. Yet from a historical perspective, many disabled people have been denied such benefits because of their exclusion from mainstream social and societal activities such as worthwhile employment in particular. Interestingly, disable workers have in the past found themselves welcomed and encouraged into employment during time of shortage of able bodied workers during times of war (Barnes, Mercer & Shakespeare 1999, p.22).
To provide such goods as education, sanitation and parks, the government taxes their citizens to afford the public goods. Since the public goods are funded by the taxes of the citizens, then all the citizens have the right to benefit from them. In addition, the government establishes rules and regulations that benefit society in maintaining the environment safe from harm. Not many governments promote equality, but after gaining prominence in the twentieth century, promoting equality is the third major purpose of government in many different places. With the purpose of promoting equality, the government’s goal is to establish the concept of welfare state, civil rights and equality under the law.
Some might argue that India’s Caste system is closely related to However, Caste and social hierarchy were more different because Caste happens over different lifetimes, and social hierarchy can happen over one. In the caste system people could move their position in their current life, however they could have moved up or down depending on how they acted in their last life. In the Social hierarchy, men could move up or down depending on whom they married, however women could not move throughout the chain. “Women were generally seen as inferior to men, dominated by their bodies rather than their minds.” (McKay pg
DISCUSSION ABOUT MARGINALIZED WOMEN ISSUES DR.C.SUBBULAKSHMI Assistant Professor Centre for Women’s Studies Madurai Kamaraj university e-mail id: magarisha@gmail.com Marginalization is the social process by which a person or a group of people are made marginal or become relegated to the fringe or edge of society. It occurs when people is pushed to the edge of a society, usually as an effect of discrimination making the person standout and look different from everybody else. They consequently feel alone and left out from the rest of society.
Social classes are a form of social stratification that refers to the existence of structured inequalities between individuals and groups in society. A social class is a group of people of comparable status, power and wealth which are usually classified as upper class, middle class, and lower class. For each class, there are some specific opportunities available that influence their social life. We can understand about the particularity of the chances through unequal distribution of these opportunities between individuals in social classes. In here belonging to a social class seems to be an obstacle for some individuals to obtain equal opportunity, unlike upper class people.
The discussion on the social justice and injustice is one of the most important issues in cotemporary global scenario. New Oxford American Dictionary defines Social Justice as “justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society”2 (Wikipedia). Contrary to it where inequalities persist in the society it falls within the sweep of injustice. Merriam Webster Dictionary defines injustice as “unfair treatment: a situation in which the rights of a person or group of people are ignored”3 (Meriam- Webster). Thus it can be said that the concept of social justice takes the objectives of removing inequalities and affording equal opportunities to all citizens in social, economic and political spheres and social