Women In Tera W. Hunter's To Joy My Freedom

In the article The Politics of Black Women’s Studies by Akasha Hull and Barbara Smith, Hull and Smith studiously literate the politics and controversy around the fundamentals of black women’s studies in the past and modern day. Furthermore, the ideology of the article falls under the premise that racism and prejudice are still current and prominent factors that affect the development of black women’s studies in the way it is taught in universities, and the role it takes upon the lives of black women.

In US history, Black women have repeatedly been targets for discrimination and continue to be. However, since colonization of the US by european settlers, progress has been made to reduce the bigotry against this group. The struggle to achieve voting rights is a notable example of the challenges African American women have faced in the battle for equality. Black rights, women’s rights, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 are three significant advancements toward achieving equal voting rights for African American women in the United States.

America is often considered the land of opportunities, a place where people can have a fresh start, a clean slate. America is a land that is made up of immigrants. Over the centuries America has been a place where people dream to live in, however the American dream wasn 't as perfect as believed; there were issues of race inferiority, slavery and social inequality amongst other problems. When a person arrives into a new society he has a difficult task ahead of him- to assimilate into that new society- which includes the economical, cultural, political and social aspects. In the following paper I will discuss how the African American, who came as slaves to America, has fought over the centuries to achieve equality in a white society that discriminated them. I will show how abolitionists like Fredrick Douglass and W.E.B Du Bois used literature to fight the preconceptions about the black people.

Robert L. Boyd is the author of Boyd’s “Race, Labor Market Disadvantage, and Survivalist Entrepreneurship: Black Women in The Great Depression.” Boyd is an associate professor at Mississippi state university where he specializes in sociology, ecology, urban studies, race, human impact, and demography. He presented this article at a sociology conference in Chicago in the summer of 2000.

Nella Larsen, one of the major woman voices of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, when many African American writers were attempting to establish African–American identity during the post-World War I period. Figures as diverse as W.E.B. Du Bois, Alain Locke, A. Philip Randolph and Jessie Fauset, Zora Neale Hurston along with Nella Larsen sought to define a new African American identity that had appeared on the scene. These men and women of intellect asserted that African Americans belonged to a unique race of human beings whose ancestry imparted a distinctive and invaluable racial identify and culture.

During the years 1825-1850, in the United States, was the age of reform. A time where nationalism and pride grew in the hearts of the American people, that they struggled to bring back the true meaning upon which their country was built. Social, intellectual and religious reform movements in the United States during the years 1825-1850, caused the expansion of democratic ideals through the reformers and reform movements; such as the Women’s Rights Movement, Temperance Movement, Abolitionist Movement, Asylum Reform, Jail Reform, Transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening, by introducing the idea in the increase of women’s rights, encouraging an abstinence from alcohol, abolishing slavery, improving the treatment of the mentally unstable,

"A Speech by Shirley Chisholm before the House of Representatives." The African-American Experience, Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Student Resources in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2152000360/SUIC?u=kans93560&xid=c9f291d6. Accessed 14 Dec. 2016.

The excerpt I chose to reflect on is called “An End to the Neglect of the Problems of the Negro Woman!” by Claudia Jones (1949). Jones express the concerns that women of color in her time suffer from the neglect and degradation they receive throughout their lives. During this time, the reason many African American women go through the struggles in their community originated from the notion that the “bourgeoisie is fearful of the militancy of the Negro woman” (108). In my opinion, they have every right to be afraid of African American women. As Jones stated nicely "once Negro women undertake action, the militancy of the whole Negro people, and thus of the anti-imperialist coalition, is greatly enhanced" (108). All Jones was trying to say is that if women were given the opportunity take action to change their current situation there will be no stopping them from

African Americans face a struggle with racism which has been present in our country before the Civil War began in 1861. America still faces racism today however, around the 1920’s the daily life of an African American slowly began to improve. Thus, this time period was known by many, as the “Negro Fad” (O’Neill). The quality of life and freedom of African Americans that lived in the United States was constantly evolving and never completely considered ‘equal’. From being enslaved, to fighting for their freedom, African Americans were greatly changing the status quo and beginning to make their mark in the United States. They have endured severe oppression and racism for many years and suffered under Jim Crow Laws as well which were created specifically

The 1920s paved the way for many developments in African American culture and resolutions to their challenges. Consequently, out of the 1920s, the Harlem Renaissance was born. The Harlem Renaissance was a reawakening of African American culture throughout the decade. During this period, an explosion of art and music, particularly jazz, advanced the perception of African American culture and people (Document H). Additionally, the Great Migration made a better life possible for African Americans. During and after WWI, African Americans moved north to evade the rampant racism and discrimination in the south and to seize opportunities for jobs and new land (Document G). White Americans, their oppressors, began to see African Americans as humans because of their supposedly new culture and aspirations. While they weren’t viewed as equal, it was still a start. As expected, when juxtaposing the racial climate of the 1920s and 1998, there is a great disparity. In the late 90s, a time also known for great societal change, African Americans had been given the same rights as white Americans, but not quite the same societal status. The discrimination was to a much lesser degree and usually thought of as socially unacceptable. Howard Johnson, an African American newspaper editor from the 1990s, gave his thoughts on social change in the African American community during

Although many historians believe that there was a negative impact of industrialization and technological changes on American society; however, the positive impact of the two factors overpowers the negative impact on American society economically and socially between the time period of 1900 to 1930.

From the 1880’s into the 1960’s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through Jim Crow laws. In her story, “In My Place,” Charlayne Hunter Gault recounts an experience of hers that describe the horrifying governing principles that people had to follow and live with on a day to day basis. The ending of these principles was a task that required courageous and cunning characteristics as well as a dedicated soul. Throughout her experiences, Ms. Hunter unknowingly began the generation of a movement that would soon lead to the latter years of segregation as well as the Jim Crow laws. Although Charlayne Hunter Gault's experiences were wearisome and problematic, Hunter dramatizes her audiences experience by addressing her “caged bird”

The Fourteenth Amendment was designed to grant citizenship to whoever was born in the United States and grant protection of civil rights to all Americans and the recently freed slaves.

This includes poor women as they escalated on the political scene during the war, allowing more women to take on new positions within the state and federal governments. On the other end of the spectrum, African-Americans were increasingly hostile to the idea of fighting and/or working for the Confederacy, which would eventually lead many African Americans to flee plantations. This damaged Confederate society as well as accelerated the end of the war. Addressing past historiographical authors and works, McCurry notes that “developments in the C.S.A. are of little significance in the drama of emancipation it plots,” and this speaks to the boldness of McCurry in expanding the story to include new voices. Building upon this, the author makes excellent use of sourcing, choosing to rely principally upon primary source

Black migrants were not only participants in civil right protests, integrationist activities, and abolitionist activism they were in many cases its leaders. Abolitionist activism took on a personal meaning due to the fact that many southern migrants living in Boston had been slave themselves. The tradition of leadership in organizations and protest in Boston’s black society can best be explained by examining the activism of a number of important black families. Prince Hall founded the Negro Masonic Order a fraternal organization in 1784. As a result of this, his son, Primus Hall was also actively involved in black community affairs. Primus Hall was one of the founders of the first black church in Boston, the African Baptist Church. Hall was an essential member of this group, however he was not the leader.