Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Essays

Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the

Organic chemistry II Experiment 3: chromic acid oxidation reaction Introduction: Camphor is very compact and its molecular structure is symmetrical which gives it the property to change directly from a solid to vapour when heated. Therefore, camphor can easily be purified by sublimation technique. Sublimation is a phase change in which a solid phase passes directly into the vapour without going through an intermediate liquid phase. Solids which have vapour pressure below melting points can be purified

pathways. The first of these, glycolysis, involves the conversion of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. In this pathway, phosphates are transferred from glycolytic intermediates to ADP for the generation of ATP. The second pathway, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, generates the reducing equivalents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), which donate electrons to the electron transport chain to fuel oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the process by

triphosphate) is made up of a nitrogenous base called adenine and three phosphate groups that are both attached to a ribose molecule. The three phosphates are all negatively charged, causing a repulsion between all the molecules- making ATP a loaded spring. When hydrolyzed, ATP loses an inorganic phosphate to create ADP (adenosine diphosphate). This makes the molecule more stable. Specific enzymes then help couple the energy and transfer a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule. Because this energy

vitamins B2 and B6, iron, and copper. Niacin is needed for energy metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and it is needed by the cells to enable the release energy. Nicotinamide, a derivative of niacin, is required by the body for making coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide

Pellagra Luis Arguinzoni Florida Southwestern State College   Abstract Pellagra is a nutritional disease that, if left untreated, can be fatal. It is caused by a deficiency in niacin, which is vitamin B3, and also the deficiency of the amino acid tryptophan. Pellagra has a variety of symptoms, but the main four categories of this disease are diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death. Pellagra is more prevalent in people with certain disorders, such as anorexia nervosa or alcoholism, or

on light energy. The products of this stage are light, water, and carbon dioxide. The light energy splits water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen ions. Oxygen gas is released to the air as a by-product. Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH is released and used in the next stage, the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle is the process, in which trees turn carbon dioxide from air to sugar. This stage takes place inside the chloroplast as well but not in the

of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide). In step one the enzyme Hexokinase uses the ATP to phosphorylate the glucose. This is an investment of energy. This is a crucuial part for the glucose as it is ready to be released for energy in a later stage. This step produces

Introduction about pyridine ring. py ridine, any of a class of organic compounds of the aromatic heterocyclic series characterized by a six-membered ring structure composed of five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The simplest member of the pyridine family is pyridine itself, a compound with molecular formula C5H5N It is structurally related tobenzene, with one methine group (=CH−) replaced by a nitrogen atom. The pyridine ring occurs in many important compounds, including azines and the vitamins

respiration? C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATP / glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy How does ATP release stored energy? ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that consists of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups. Energy is released when one of the three phosphate groups is removed by breaking a phosphoanhydride bond during hydrolysis. After this, ATP is converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate). Describe the chemical steps in detail of glycolysis

Two of the most important cellular energy cycles are aerobic cellular respiration and oxygenic photosynthesis. These two are critical in the continued sustainability of all life on earth as we know it. The two process several intricate stages in which the creation of cellular energy occurs, and have varied relationships with organelles located within the eukaryotic cell. Both processes are primordial and key in how life has evolved and become as diverse as we know it. Although aerobic cellular respiration

Introduction: Obesity is one of the leading problems in western society today. Obesity describes people who are highly overweight and have excessive fat storage in their bodies. Obesity occurs when the daily intake of energy exceeds the daily output of energy and thus, causes the extra energy to be stored as fat which is built up over a period of time (Wilding J, 2001). Obesity is currently considered a disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) as these individuals runs the risk of developing

Free radicals contain an electron (e–) as in case of superoxide (•O2–) radical and the hydroxyl radical (•OH) whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a non-radical do not contains electron in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH). Radicals can react with other radicals or with non-radicals depending on availability of (e–). Initiation of free radical chain reaction occurs if polyunsaturated fatty acid is attacked by free radicals. This phenomenon occurs due to abundant molecular

heat reactions and catabolism. Expending an instance of one glucose particle, primarily 2 ATP particles be required to be hydrolyzed usage of water to split something addicted to tiny pieces into ADP and energy. A high-energy phosphate from ATP, creating glucose-6-phosphate, motivates the carbon backbone of glucose it has shown as ring

INTRODUCTION Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - an organic industrial solvent used in industry – is a vigorous carcinogenic agent that may create dysfunction of lung, liver, kidney and nervous system (1, 2). After being absorbed from gastrointestinal system, respiratory system and skin CCl4 is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 and exerts its toxic effects via its metabolites trichloromethyl free radical and trichloromethyl peroxyl radical (1-3). These free radicals interacts with fatty acids of lung cell