Annotated Bibliography: Racial Profiling

In his essay “Arrested Development: The Conservative Case Against Racial Profiling” published in the New Republic on September 10, 2001, professor James Forman Jr. illustrates his disagreement with racial profiling. Forman Jr. is a professor at Yale Law School. He teaches Constitutional Law and seminars on race and the criminal justice system. In his piece, Forman primary goal is to create understanding about the effectiveness of racial profiling and how this affects the black community especially youths. Forman achieves this by appealing to a liberal audience. Moreover, Forman’s essay was published in a newspaper which targeted audience are individuals open to new ideas and opinions, and individuals advocating for social reform. Also, another important aspect is that during his essay, Forman attacks the conservative party which also gives a clear idea of his intended audience. By establishing his credibility

Racial discrimination is becoming a major problem in today 's society. Our nation is facing problems based on the discrimination on race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Racial profiling is a clear violation of the civil rights of the United States. The use of racial profiling has caused major issues and has had a huge impact among our nation. This has influenced a lot of hate and killing towards different type of race, religion, etc. groups. Law enforcement has become ineffective due to racial profiling. Statistics have shown some situations of racial profiling.

Racial profiling has become a national issue starting in 2015 (“Racial”). Judging someone for their race has been a problem ever since a minority group has been noticed. Racial profiling has spread over all over the world. Racial profiling has been a problem through the years, if the human race can learn what racial profiling is, advantages of the profiling, and the disadvantages.

In recent years racial profile has been the buzz word. So what is racial profiling? Racial profiling is using the race of an individual or ethnicity by law enforcement as factor in the decision whether to engage in the enforcement of the law. The allegations are cops are targeting minorities, seemingly people of Africa decent more than any other race. I have been accused of racism many times in the past with little to no provocation. It usually comes at the beginning of a traffic stop when I walk to the car. I hear the person say “you only stopped me because I’m black”. I have explained to numerous people I didn’t know who or what color they were until I walked up to the car. Contrary to the belief cops know who’s in the car before we pull it over, we don’t. The social outcry that the police, the front-line representatives of government are targeting the minorities is false. There’s no credible evidence that racial profiling exists today, yet the crusade to abolish it threatens a decade’s worth of crime-fighting success.

Alexander, M. (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: The New Press.

Racial profiling is a very important issue that individuals in society face every day. This problem occurs in low income or poverty-stricken areas throughout cities and communities across the nation. Hundreds of anecdotal testimonials allege that law enforcement officials at all levels of government are infringing upon the constitutional rights and civil liberties of racial and ethnic minorities through a practice called “racial profiling” (Ward, 2002). So what is racial profiling? According to the National Institute of Justice, racial profiling by law enforcement is commonly defined as a practice that targets people for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion or national origin (National Institute of Justice, 2013). The

Buehler, J. W. (2017). Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of lethal force by US police, 2010-2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107 (2), 295-297.

This essay will focus on the racial profiling of Mexican-Americans in the Los Angeles community. The parts of Los Angeles I will be focusing in are South Central, Compton, Watts and East LA. Racial profiling consists of the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense. The main suspects that racially profile Mexican-Americans are law enforcement authorities. Racial profiling is a repressive social practice that uses group characteristics to individualize stereotypic behavior for minorities in American society. The practice of racial profiling victimizes minority persons to support a White hegemonic structure that promotes White values and beliefs as superior. The harmful effects of racial profiling

For those who haven’t experienced racial profiling, or know someone that has been a victim of it, the issue may seem nothing more than annoying noise in their ears. However, the reality is that racial profiling has consequences, which results in emotional, physiological, and physical damage. The ones that are the most at risk are the youth of color. Racial profiling is harmful because it creates mistrust in law enforcement, hostile environment in the educational system, and social tension in communities.

In conclusion, the idea of racial profiling and the issues on racism in today’s society calls attention to sustain peace and ethnic equality within communities all across the nation and around the world. It is important to acknowledge that the main solution to change the issues on racial profiling and racism is among the duties of government authorities, law enforcement officials, and the people of a nation. Everyone, of any race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, or authority needs to understand that our voices and actions are capable of fixing the issues of racial injustice into a more fair environment to all people of color. Therefore, it is up to our knowledge and actions to help people understand that the solution to obtain racial equality

Racial profiling is a controversial topic in today’s society, it leads to false assumptions without having any facts. People suspect and target people based on a stereotype about their race. Many minorities are targeted by government officials such as police officers just because of their race or ethnicity. Just because a particular person from a particular race did something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated against by people from other races. Injustice is all around us and peoples right are being violated. In Citizen, a book of different stories, Claudia Rankine shows how the black community is being discriminated against and socially profiled. Rankine shares some of her and her friends experiences that they encountered

One of the problems with racial profiling is that it is ineffective, It can be proven to be ineffective by a statistic in Chicago that shows were racial minorities were searched four times as often, but Whites were found with contraband twice as often (12 Racial Profiling Pros and Cons). Racial profiling is also patently illegal, it violates the U.S Constitution’s core promises of equal protection under law and freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures (Racial Profiling). Discriminatory omissions or selective enforcement is mentioned by Macdonald in “The Myth of Racial Profiling” and also by the American Civil Liberties Union and is a problem with law enforcement that dates back to as early as the 1950’s and 60’s when southern sheriffs did nothing about groups like the Ku Klux Klan. A more recent example would be when the local police failed to respond to an African American man’s repeated complaints about property damage and being attacked after moving into a white neighborhood in Maryland, The man was eventually arrested because for shooting his gun while trying to disperse a mob outside his home. Racial profiling also is unethical and can raise racial tensions, it is unethical because it targets specific groups, while this may help narrow down a suspect pool, it also can target people who have committed no crime at all. Racial profiling can raise racial tensions in areas where racial profiling is most prevalent by law enforcement. Animosities tend to run high which results in those most likely to be profiled against won’t cooperate with law enforcement when necessary even if they have not committed any

Racial profiling is a big deal in the U.S. that affects many individuals. Racial profiling is when a law enforcement or a person with authority arrests

In this process, it shows how social science research and policy analysis may be more fully than the police investigation so far practice their fair meaning. "Simply put, the debate about race analysis about whether officials could legitimately consider a person's race or ethnicity as a debate, they decide whether to stop or search for the person. Those who defended racial profiling began to think, Sadly, many types of crime are more concentrated in certain racial and ethnic groups are more effective than others in 1995 Tonry), and this fact means that racial profiling can often help the police against them monitor (2001 Derby). But even if the relevant distribution experience in criminal claims are true, it is impossible to solve the ethical

In 2004, Amnesty International USA conservatively estimated that one in three people in the United States approximately is at high risk of being subjected to some form of racial profiling, based on the number of US citizens that were racially categorized by the US 2000 Census.(Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the United States) A 2000 report n Los Angeles revealed that one in four officers in Los Angeles agreed that racial profiling exists and contributes to a negative interaction between police and the community.(Nelson