In the period from 1830 to 1860, European and American settlers started to arrive in Pacific Northwest, and increased their economic and political control over the Native Americans. Also, as fur traders from England and America, with Missionaries and protestant arrived in northwest, it brought a change of world of Native American. Fur trade society considered native women as people who played as a significant role in their economy, and Indian women acted as a bridge between two different groups: Fur trade society and Native American society. The marriage between men and Indian women were encouraged as a way to develop social connection reinforcing the economic relationship between Europeans and Indians. However, as the time went on, native
In the early 1800s as the United States of America began to expand west, fur trapping became a career choice for many men. One of the most iconic fur traders is Peter Skene Ogden, a Canadian was one of the most widely traveled in the Far West region. Due to his exceptional leadership, traveling, mapping, and fur trading skills; he was cause for the development of many civilizations that would later develop into cities. Although his main focus was trapping, Peter Ogden through diligent work, was paving a way for settlers to know what they were going to encounter out west. Through all the experiences that he encountered and the skill set that he demonstrated, shows why he was such a successful fur trader.
The fur trade started off as a supplement to the fishing industry. When a wide-brimmed felted furry hat came into fashion in the seventeenth century. There was an insatiable demand for beaver pelts. The beaver fur assured that it would make the perfect felters and hatters. Beaver fur was made up of two different kinds of hairs or filaments.
The white trader aquired valuable fun in exchangr for inexpensive trade items. Congress created factories to reduce conflict and fraud. Through the Cherokee they found a way to accommadate through thier scattered villages and under a common government to protect their freedom and futher land
Native Americans who emigrated from Europe perceived the Indians as a friendly society with whom they dwelt with in harmony. While Native Americans were largely intensive agriculturalists and entrepreneurial in nature, the Indians were hunters and gatherers who earned a livelihood predominantly as nomads. By the 19th century, irrefutable territories i.e. the areas around River Mississippi were under exclusive occupation by the Indians. At the time, different Indian tribes such as the Chickasaws, Creeks, and Cherokees had adapted a sedentary lifestyle and practiced small-scale agriculture. According to the proponents of removal, the Indians were to move westwards into forested lands in order to generate additional space for development through agricultural production (Memorial of the Cherokee Indians).
The political aspect was becoming more defined as the reservations began to divide between the natives, Indians, and non-Indians. The Americans continued to persuade the Indians to conform to the white ways of the 19th century, for examples converting to christianity. Yet, the Indians obtained what they could of their culture on the reservations and resisted the ways of the whites. Moreover, The social status of the Pacific Northwest 's hinterland was subjected to the cultural mindset of the whites and their
From the time of first contact to the 1880’s, the relationship between the Natives and settlers was continually changing. During the fur trade, the relationship that developed between the natives and the traders was a one without major issues. But as the fur trade began to decline, the relationship between the Natives and the settlers started to decline as well. A catalyst for this change were the treaties that the Natives signed that sold their portions land to the settlers. These treaties, the Treaty of Traverse de Sioux and Mendota, were supposed to establish the permanent homes of these natives, but this did not happen (Treaty of Mendota, 1851; Treaty of Traverse de Sioux, 1851).
As a way to keep their men happy and to gain the knowledge of the animals of Native American, France encouraged the men to marry American Indian women. Once married into a tribe, the American Indian looked after the men and subsequently used French traders. The French intermarrying into American Indian families made the French more successful at trade than the English. Intermarrying helped the French become more successful with trading with the Native American people. The combined efforts of smaller settlement and being married to American Indian women led the French to be more focused on the fur trade than settlement.
The development of agriculture and the rise of industrialization generated new cultures and innovations in the new world. Native people in early America developed cultural distinct , men were in charge of the fishing, hunting, jobs that were more exposed to violence, and the women stayed closed to the village, farming, and child bearing. The way of life possessed by natives Americans did not compel them to conquer and transform new land. As opposed to European colonizers, Native Americans subscribed to a more “animistic” understanding of nature. In which they believed that plants and animals are not commodities, they are something to be respected rather than used.
By the end of the century, American policy makers thought of ways on how to “civilize” native people undermining traditional settlement and cultural ways. Then For instance including them with American white values. Also the establishment of schools for the youth were gradually getting
The 1800’s were filled with expedition and adventure. The elites were profiting from people expanding west with the help of transportation routes. Lewis and Clark had major help from the Mandans and Sacajawea with their journey west. The Napoleonic Wars, War Hawks, and the War of 1812 were all things that challenged Mandans in diplomacy. Led by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, Natives were divided into accommodationists and traditionalists.
Life for the Native Americans was much harder during and after the western expansion. For example, the US took land from the Indians leading the formation of reservations, White men almost hunted the Buffalo , an important food source for the Indians, to extinction, and forced the Indians to get rid of their culture. Because of the western expansion, the area of land the Indians could occupy decreased significantly. The government would make treaties with the Indians allowing them to keep a certain area of land, but this would soon be broken ; When the Pacific Railroad Act was passed it stated that wherever a track was laid the company would own any land 200 ft surrounding the track including Indian land ; the Government would make sure that
Between 1870 and 1900, an estimated 25 million immigrants had made their way to the United States. This era, titled the Gilded Age, played an extremely important role in the shaping of American society. The United States saw great economic growth and social changes; however, as the name suggested, the Gilded Ages hid a profound number of problems. During this period of urbanization, the publicizing of wealth and prosperity hid the high rates of poverty, crime, and corruption. European immigrants who had come to the United States in search of jobs and new opportunities had fallen into poverty as well as poor working and living conditions.
European exploration of the West began in 1500 and continued to flourish for over three centuries. While colonizing this new land, Europeans first came into contact with the native peoples. European religious views, gender roles, and land ownership shaped their interactions with Native Americans. The English, for example, practiced Christianity, while the Native Americans possessed a more spiritual and animalistic religion. Native American societies were heavily reliant on women for not only household duties, but also agricultural responsibilities.
Americanization and Indian Boarding School The history of Native Americans was full of violent, cheats and sadness. From Spanish conquerors, English settlers to U. S Government, Native Americans lost their battles against these parties with greater power. As a result, their home lands, people and culture were consistently threatened by different societies.
Before the Spanish ship that changed it all, which arrived in the “New World” in 1492, thriving organized communities of native people had centuries of history on the land. That ship, skippered by Christopher Columbus, altered the course of both Native American and European history. 1492 sparked the fire of cultural diffusion in the New World which profoundly impacted the Native American peoples and the European settlers. Prior to European contact, Native Americans lived as hunter-gatherers, living and traveling in groups of typically less than 300 people. These Native Americans spoke over 400 languages and practiced a myriad of different religions (The American Pageant).