Neuron Observation Report

Neurons transmit information to each other and to muscles, organs and glands. The nerve impulse is sent from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another neuron. The neuromuscular junction as labeled in Part A of this assignment, shows that there is a space between the axon of a neuron and the motor plate of the muscle cell. The two parts do not actually touch each other. When the football player’s brain sends a message to move during the game, the nerve impulse is sent from neuron to muscle cell. The space (synapse) between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction. The axon of the motor neuron contains synaptic vesicles which contains thousands of molecules of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This acetylcholine is released into the space between the axon and the muscle cell. The muscle cell membrane has receptors to accept or to bond with the acetylcholine. This region is called the motor end plate. When the acetylcholine bonds with the protein receptors in the motor end plate, sodium and potassium gates in the region open at the same time

Your mind is comprised of billions of nerve cells (or neurons). Neurons come in all shapes and sizes, however most have three imperative parts: a cell body that contains the core and coordinates the exercises of the neuron; dendrites, short filaments that get messages from different neurons and hand-off them to the cell body; and an axon, a long single fiber that conveys messages from the cell body to dendrites of different neurons.

In The Brain That Changes Itself, Norman Doidge uses experimental and research study evidence consistently and effectively. He successfully simplifies experiments in order to insure that any reader can understand the point being made. However, his use of numerical evidence is lacking the strength needed to support his claim that the brain can be trained and even physically changed. Doidge also presents how scientists react when they disagree with one another and how their curiosity is an essential component of a scientist’s job.

When the neuron is not sending a signal at rest the membrane potential called as resting membrane potential. In this stage, permeability of K+ much greater than Na+ When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside. Although the concentrations of the different ions endeavor to balance out on both sides of the membrane, they cannot because the cell membrane sanctions only some ions to pass through channels (ion channels). At rest, potassium ions (K+) can cross through the membrane facilely. Additionally at rest, chloride ions (Cl-) and sodium ions (Na+) have a more arduous time crossing. The negatively charged protein molecules (A-) inside the neuron cannot cross the membrane. In integration to these selective ion channels, there is a pump that utilizes energy to move three sodium ions out of the neuron for every two potassium ions it inserts. Conclusively, when all these forces balance out, and the difference in the voltage between the inside and outside of the neuron is quantified, have the resting membrane potential. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt) - this designates that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV

In your dice, popsticks, 100-chart activity, form bundles of 9 and write down the pattern. What difference do you observe compared to the 10 stick bundles?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system of the body. They are very closely related and coordinated with each other and regulate the unconscious functions of the body. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for our involuntary reactions and controls our heart beat, digestive processes, blood flow and hormone production. This means that we can’t consciously control whether our heart beats or not. The sympathetic nervous system prepares our body for the flight or fight response. If we are in an emergency situation, the sympathetic nervous system gets our body ready to either fight the enemy or run away from

Homarus americanus have a primitive nervous system, one similar to those of insects. Lobsters lack a brain and only contain about 100,000 neurons, a figure a million times less than the 100 billion found in humans. Ultimately, the American lobster has a bilaterally symmetrical nervous system. There are ganglia on each segment of the body, each made up of a paired hemi-ganglia. The ganglia of neighboring segments are linked by connectives, while the hemi-ganglia are connected by commissures. Overall, the structure of this nervous system appears as a ladder-like chain consisting of a brain, two connectives, and a ventral nerve cord. Because lobsters lack a cerebral cortex, they rely on this complex nervous system to translate pain impulses into the sensation of pain

In the iconic movie "Bratz", one character was deaf. Yasmin, a character in the movie was a singer, and even though he could not hear her with his ears, he could hear and feel the vibrations from a speaker.

For my naturalistic observation assignment I’m going to be walking around campus smiling at everyone that I pass by. Then I’m going to observe how many males and females smile back at me. Smiling at people is something that’s natural to me, I do it all the time. I usually smile at the people I walk by without even looking at them. What I never did is observe how many people smile back at me, or if there’s a sex difference in smiling.

The talk delineates the mechanism of sound receptors in human’s ear. Accord-ing to the speaker. It is by translating vibrational energy coming from the ear through the ear fluid that these flappy organs convert physical motion into electrical motion and electrical signals. Hence, the role of sound receptors

Sonogenetics is the use of sound waves to control neurons and other cells in the body, where as optogenetics is a light-based approach to manipulate neurons and other cells in the body. Optogenetics is when researchers add light-sensitive channel proteins to a neuron they wish to study. Salk Institute scientists shine a laser on the cell to activate or silence the target neuron. This approach can be difficult when studying cells deep in the brain; surgeons have to implant a fiber optic cable that can reach all the cells. Avoiding surgery, surgeons tried using sound waves to active calcium sensitive cells, similar to any cell in any organism, through microbubbles injected in the blood stream and distributed throughout the body of a nematode.

In this experiment, a virtual program designed to demonstrate the swimming of a virtual fish, was used. This program is called SWIMMY. SWIMMY was used in this experiment to determine the circuits that are used in the movement of an animal. This is done by presenting the neurons and the neural circuits in a body which can allow and show the movement of the fish’s tail virtually. The movement of the fish tail occurs by the activation of motor neurons. Moore and Stewart, 2007 These two motor neurons can be used to form a circuit that has the ability to generate movement of the fish’s tail in this experiment, however, the neural circuits that will be examined in this experiment are usually used in fish for movement, digestion and respiration, as well as memory and the ability to perceive objects in certain areas. Marder and Bucher, 2001 Buzsáki, 2005; Gloveli et al., 2005

Action potential occurs in the cell body region of the neuron. Biologically, action potentials occur when a stimulus causes the cell membrane of the cell body to decrease in potential difference (a difference

In the brain, there are many neurotransmitters that transmit signals from one part of the brain to another. One of these transmitters is called GABA or (gamma aninobutryic

the cochlea that are then sensed by nerves connected to fine hairs that float in the fluid and is then sent