Promoting Urinary Incontinence

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study had lots of controversy over the 1900´s. The study happened in a racist and poor time period between 1932 and 1972. It included 600 African American men that were infected with Syphilis. It was conducted in rural and poor Tuskegee, Alabama. The test was to see if African American males responded to Syphilis differently than white males. This study was passed and funded through Congress; however they did not know the full story. The wrong in this study was that the men did not give informed consent and did not receive any treatment. The men were studied till their autopsy, which is obviously death. This sparked much controversy and changed human experimentation forever.

Ms. N is a 74-year-old female patient, who presents to the nursing home for admission by her daughter with complaints of being confused, falling and urinary incontinence over the past three weeks. Her daughter, Doris sates she is unable to care for her mother at home anymore and wants to permanently admit her.

History Taking. (2013). Nursing Standard (Royal College Of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987), 27(28), 51. Retrieved from http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.acaweb.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=15&sid=9ae25c40-8098-47f5-9c72-5d845bb0b138%40sessionmgr120&hid=108

The study was conducted in 1989 for a 6 month period. It consisted of 305 pregnant women between ages 17-41 with the median age of 26. These women were questioned about their urinary symptoms prior to being a part of the study. A few of the questions they were asked were: “1) whether they had urinary incontinence or frequency of voiding before, during pregnancy and/or after delivery; 2) whether incontinence was provoked by physical stress or accompanied by strong desire to void (urgency); c) whether they had daily incontinence; d) whether the incontinence had been a hygienic or social problem (Viktrup, 1999).” The researched defined frequency as voiding seven or more times during the day and two more times during the night. 293 women were interviewed (305 pregnant women originally conducted the questionnaire) three months after delivery giving time to obtain results for the postpartum period. Considering that the type of delivery could be a possible factor that influences research data when it comes to interpretation, the researchers consulted with the women about the type of

Based on our past history (e.g., the Tuskegee experiment) it is now crucial to apply confidentiality and informed consent in studies, especially human subjects. Therefore, harm can reduced as much as possible. I feel the past history is a lesson that social scientists should avoid in studies. All human subjects are required to understand the risk factors and procedures in a study they are participating in. If they require confidentiality, researchers should also agree. Like you have mentioned they are helping researchers gain valuable evidence and this should be respected.

In response to the horrific and disgusting acts of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, measures were put into place in order to prevent of a another disastrous incident from repeating. It was a political embarrassment to the government. The governing system at the time allowed the experiment to continue for decades before it was exposed to the public.Human subjects in the experiment were manipulated and exploited. It failed to protect its people and turned a blind eye to any unethical proceedings that took place during the experiment. As a result, the National Research Act of 1974 was proposed and signed into law on July 12, 1974..

The Tuskegee syphilis project was a study based on prejudices and unethical practices. The study began in1932 in Macon County, Alabama where a large number of black sharecroppers resided. The study included 600 African American men of which 399 had syphilis. The premise of the project was to study the effects of syphilis on the African American male. The men were told only that they were participating in a study and being treated for “bad blood.” At no time were the subjects communicated they had or did not have syphilis. At the beginning of the study, no treatment was available for syphilis, which is a sexually transmitted disease. There had been several studies on syphilis, but none on the effects of African Americans explicitly. Syphilis

The human race has greatly benefitted through the use of animals. They have not only been a great form of companionship for people, but have also helped with the success in the world of medicine. For many years, the rights of animals and animal experimentation have been up for debate on whether or not it should be legal. Some may find that animal testing has led to major advancements in the medical world and that it is a small price to pay to save millions of lives, but others believe it is inhumane and that animals should be given the same rights as humans. Although the experimentation of animals has furthered medical knowledge, it should not be allowed because it is brutal and animals are unable to give their approval.

As a result of searching the existing literature, the researcher was able to obtain data that correlated exceptionally well with the research topic. Indeed, the researcher gathered pertinent information from secondary sources; however, the primary sources of data were needed to draw a logical conclusion of the research at hand. So, the next step was major section III, Research Methodology. Being

I recently finished reading The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lack, a biography about Henrietta Lacks and how human tissue was taken without consent then used for medical research. Henrietta Lacks, was a colored woman, she was the daughter of a tobacco farmer, she came from a very poor, with very little education, she died from uremic poisoning, due to the treatment for cervical cancer October of 1951 at age 31. In January of 1951, Henrietta went to Johns Hopkins Hospital because she found a knot on her womb and was bleeding and had pain in her abdomen. Johns Hopkins is known for being the best research hospital around, but Henrietta did not go because

A literature review is defined as a report carrying evaluative data/information abstracted from the related piece of literature with respect to selected field of study. The literature review describes, encapsulated, assess and explain the information on the basis of theoretical research ground

Medical studies today have many benefits — from research to observe diseases and conditions, to experiments to discover cures for deadly ailments — which ultimately aid the public’s health and well-being. However, not even a century ago, rules and protocol that helped run tests safely did not exist. The “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male” shaped the foundation of modern medical ethics that protect people involved in clinical trials today.

As a first time mom going into motherhood can be a frightening and joyful moment.That leads myself and many other mothers  into being anxious;experiencing worry, unease, or nervousness, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome. Many first time moms are anxious about giving birth. It 's common being anxious during childbirth, it a norm for motherhood. Over the years the anxious has changed for childbirth. Childbirth was petrifying for a mother in the 50’s then now.

“A Question of Ethics” by Jane Goodall and “Animal Research Saves Lives” by Heloisa Sabin presents two sides of the same coin in regards to Animal testing. Thereby, questioning the validity or necessity of animal research and testing today. In “A Question of Ethics” by Goodall she presents a scenery of the living conditions of the animals which are often isolated; posing the ultimate questions of, whether animal research is essential to medical research? Or How many tests are performed only to conform to laws and not out of scientific merit? The Suggestion was made that scientists should explore alternative options, such as testing on cell and tissue cultures. On the other hand, Sabin also puts forward an argument in support of animal testing, as her dear late husband Albert Sabin conducted many tests on animals whilst perfecting his vaccine against polio. The sacrifice of these animals has enabled entire generations of humans to grow up without fear of the crippling effects of polio. Animal rights advocates who see animal experimentation as cruel and wasteful overlook the fact that it has been instrumental in developing medicines that have saved countless human

If we accept these as the principles underlying ethical review, then it follows that ethical review must be applied to all types of research, beyond just those which contain human or animal participants. This is because the aim of a research project can be harmful to mankind even if that project has no need of human or animal participation in its testing.