Race And Incarceration Literature Review
Literature Review It’s hypothesized that Blacks and Hispanics residing in the United States are more likely to be incarcerated than whites. Vogel and Porter (2016) conducted a study to examine the relationship between race and incarceration in the US. This study draws on data from the Prisoners in 2010 report published by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and the 2010 decennial census, the BJS provides estimates of the total number of sentenced prisoners on December 31, 2010, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Guerino et al. 2012). The results demonstrated that race is not necessarily directly linked to high incarceration rates. That is, since the white population is aging at a fast pace, the relatively younger ages of the black and Hispanic populations contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in incarceration. Moreover, several studies have observed the persistent racial disparities in incarceration. Proposed explanations for disparities range from variations in offending based on race to biased decision …show more content…
In 2002, around 12 percent of black men in their early twenties were incarcerated (Harrison and Karberg, 2003). In this era of mass incarceration, it’s more common to see blacks or Hispanics behind bars, thus it’s becoming more apparent that there might be a correlation between the race of an individual and its likelihood to be incarcerated (Pettit & Western, 2004). In this study, penal inequality estimated lifetime risks of imprisonment for black and white men. By using the Survey of Inmates of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, the results demonstrated that racial disparities in imprisonment are evident, black men have a higher risk of incarceration compared to whites. This racial disparity affects young individuals as risks of incarceration are six to eight times higher for a black youth than a white youth (Pettit & Western,
Summary Of The New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander
1028 Words | 5 PagesMichelle alexander states in her book that “1 in every 14 black men was behind bars in 2006, compared with 1 in 106 white men” (61). The idea of incarceration, in this situation, mass incarceration is
Comparing Bruce Western's Punishment And Inequality In America
98 Words | 1 PagesOver the last thirty years, the prison population in the United States has increased more than seven-fold to over two million people, including vastly disproportionate numbers of minorities and people with little education. For some racial and educational groups, incarceration has become a depressingly regular experience, and prison culture and influence pervade their communities. Almost 60 percent of black male high school drop-outs in their early thirties have spent time in prison. In Punishment and Inequality in America, sociologist Bruce Western explores the recent era of mass incarceration and the serious social and economic consequences it has wrought.
Summary: Racial Disparities In Sentencing
250 Words | 1 PagesKamalu, Ngozi Caleb, Margery Coulson-Clark, and Nkechi Margaret Kamalu. " Racial Disparities in Sentencing: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the African American Community." African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS 4.1 (2010): 1-31. ProQuest.
Summary Of The New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander
1069 Words | 5 PagesHowever, black men are arrested and charged for drug offenses at, “rates twenty to fifty times greater than those of white men” (Alexander, 2010). This discrepancy raises questions as to why are black men targeted for drug offenses more than all other races when black people use and sell drugs at similar rates as the other demographics. Mass incarceration stemmed from the influx of arrests made in the 1980’s and 90’s; these hordes of people put into prisons means more than just time behind
Summary Of Are Prisons Obsolete
793 Words | 4 PagesToday, Black people are subjected to a criminal justice system where race plays a central role in constructing presumptions of criminality (Davis 28).
African American Men's Role In The Criminal Justice System
293 Words | 2 PagesThroughout history, the rate of incarceration among African American men has been significantly higher than that of other races. Since the 1970’s, it seems that serving time in jail is the rite of passage for an African American male. One of the contributing factors lies in the disparities of sentencing in the Criminal Justice System, especially during the drug war.
Racial Disparities Regarding Sentencing
842 Words | 4 PagesRacial disparities concerning sentencing have an adverse effect on the African American community. Racial profiling and plea bargaining are contributing factors that lead to overrepresentation of minorities in the judicial system. Data and statistics support the assumption that African Americans are disproportionately subjected to racial profiling, traffic stops which leads to searches and seizures that lead to minor offenses which can also lead to incarceration, rather than probation or rehabilitation (Kamalu, Coulson-Clark, & Kamalu, 2010). The existence of racial prejudice exists when African American defendants are more likely to be convicted and given harsher charges than their white counterparts that have received the same charge, but
Effects Of Incarceration On African Americans
189 Words | 1 PagesAccording to, WHO, “If current trends continue, 1 of every 3 African American males born today can expect to go to prison in his lifetime, as can 1 of every 6 Latino males, compared to 1 in 17 White males” (p.88). According to WHO, “Most of us don’t know
Lady Justice System
557 Words | 3 PagesIn 2009,black males comprised less than thirteen percent of the U.S. population,21 but accounted for almost 40% of the male jail and prison population.22I African American men, with an incarceration rate of 4749 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents, were incarcerated at a rate more than six times higher than that of white men (708 inmates per 100,000).25 This trend extends to juvenile delinquency courts. For example, in2007, juvenile arrest statistics showed that while African American youth accounted for only seventeen percent of the general population, they comprised fifty-one percent of arrests for juvenile violent arrests and thirty two percent of arrests for juvenile property arrests.29 It is well-documented that “youth of color enter and stay in the system with much greater frequency than White youth” in nearly all juvenile justice
Race In The Criminal Justice System
181 Words | 1 PagesIt sad to see that more than half of the young men in our American cities are under the control of the criminal justice system. Where’s the justice when our system automatically demotes them to a permanent second-class status, and challenges their chances of happiness and freedom. When minorities from the justice system are released, they are harshly discriminated against. This discrimination does nothing but regenerates a cycle of imprisonment. With the world at their backs, the result usually ends up with repeated behaviors that places them back into the system.
Essay On Mass Incarceration
1087 Words | 5 PagesEven upon release, those who have gone through the criminal justice system are subjected to negative health outcomes as a result of the adversity they face from society (Cloud, Parsons, & Delany-Brumsey, 2014). The War on Drugs accounts for the staggering two thirds rise in the federal prison population and the roughly fifty percent increase of inmates in state prisons, in fact since 1980 there has been a nearly 1,100 percent increase in the amount of drug offenders incarcerated (Alexander, 2012, p. 60). Yet not all races and communities have been caught in this epidemic equally. Impoverished, low income men of color have been more strongly impacted by the War on Drugs and mass incarceration. Discrimination and biased policing practices are the chief social causes that have resulted in the unfair disparity of men of color being more strongly affected by mass incarceration and the eco-social theory, despite its faults, is the most fitting model for researchers to utilize in assessing this social
Tough On Crime Policy Analysis
784 Words | 4 PagesA study conducted by the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services undertaking claims of sentencing disparities studies the felony sentencing outcomes particularly in New York courts between the years 1990 and 1992. Astonishingly, the study concluded that approximately one-third of minorities sentenced to prison would have received a shorter sentence with the possibility of a non-incarcerative penalty if they had been treated similarly to their white counterparts. Consequently, other sentencing data is consistent with the results of this study’s findings. On a national scale, black males specifically, who were convicted of drug felonies in state courts 52 percent of the time, while white males typically receive prison sentencing approximately 34 percent of the time. In addition, these figures are not constrained to gender given the similar ratio among black and white women as well.
Race In The Prison System Essay
965 Words | 4 PagesAlong with African-American/Blacks, the Hispanic population is underrepresented at both the state and federal levels while the Caucasian/White population are underrepresented (Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2018). This essay will discuss multiple different races and ethinicities to regard their population make up within the prison system. Although race and ethnicity relate to one another they are different. According to Walker et al. (2018), race is defined as the, “major biological divisions of mankind,” for
Annotated Bibliography: The New Jim Crow
1343 Words | 6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press. Alexander opens up on the history of the criminal justice system, disciplinary crime policy and race in the U.S. detailing the ways in which crime policy and mass incarceration have worked together to continue the reduction and defeat of black Americans.
Mass Incarceration Literature Review
1728 Words | 7 PagesThe United States has a larger percent of its population incarcerated than any other country. America is responsible for a quarter of the world’s inmates, and its incarceration rate is growing exponentially. The expense generated by these overcrowded prisons cost the country a substantial amount of money every year. While people are incarcerated for several reasons, the country’s prisons are focused on punishment rather than reform, and the result is a misguided system that fails to rehabilitate criminals or discourage crime. This literature review will discuss the ineffectiveness of the United States’ criminal justice system and how mass incarceration of non-violent offenders, racial profiling, and a high rate of recidivism has become a problem.
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