Solar Energy Research Paper

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Solar energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy. If only a small amount of this form of energy could be used, it will be one of the most important supplies of energy specially when other sources in the country have depleted energy comes to the earth from the sun. This energy keeps the temperature of the earth above than in colder space, causes current in the atmosphere and in ocean. It causes the water cycle and generates photosynthesis in plants. The solar power where sun hits atmosphere is 1017 W. The solar power on the surface of earth is 1016W. The total worldwide power demand of all needs of civilization is 1013W. Therefore, the sun gives us 1000 times more power than we need. If we can

Earlier however the use was restricted to utilization of Solar Energy for basic drying or heating purposes. It was soon realized that Solar Energy can be put to better use by utilization of sophisticated system for Water heating used at domestic level, or Industrial level, drying etc. The use of Solar Energy for electrical power generation dates back to Space age when Solar Photo Voltaic cells were used to power Satellites orbiting around the Earth. With passing time it was realized that Solar Photo Voltaic can be used as a Power source not just for satellites but as also the cleanest and greenest power source on Earth. Solar Energy thus started being used not just for conventional purposes such as heating but also power generation [2].

Solar Energy is one of the cleanest and greenest technologies. Although Solar Energy in India is led by Solar Thermal., it is expected that Solar PV in India will prove to be the single largest source of power in the times to come. It is thus no surprise that Solar Energy is and will continue to play a dominant role in the Indian Power Scenario due to various benefits it offers over other renewable

Numerous control methods such as adaptive control, neural control, and fuzzy control have been studied. Among them, the best known is the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, which has been widely used in the industry because of its simple structure and robust performance in a wide range of operating conditions. Unfortunately, it has been quite difficult to tune properly the gains of PID controllers because many industrial plants are often burdened with problems such as high order, time delays, and nonlinearities. Over the years, several heuristic Methods have been proposed for the tuning of PID controllers. The first method used the classical tuning rules proposed by Ziegler and Nichols. In general, it is often hard to determine optimal or near optimal PID parameters with the Ziegler-Nichols formula in many industrial plants. For these reasons, it is highly desirable to increase the capabilities of PID controllers by adding new features. Many artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been employed to improve the controller performances for a wide range of plants while retaining their basic characteristics. AI techniques such as neural network, fuzzy system, and neural-fuzzy logic have been widely applied to proper tuning of PID controller parameters Particle swarm optimization (PSO), first introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart, is one of the modern heuristic