Tectal plate gliomas are low-grade, benign neoplastic lesions arising predominately in children. The tumor comprises 10-20% of all brain tumors in the pediatric population. They are of neural crest embryological origin and develop from glial cells in the brainstem. This form of astrocytoma is usually spontaneous, with no known associated environmental or genetics risk factors. However, an association between Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and brain stem gliomas have been found.
Symptoms are non-specific and characteristically include a history of headaches from intracranial hypertension secondary to obstruction of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles. In addition, vomiting, nausea, visual disturbances, such as Parinaud Syndrome, auditory and balance deficits may be present as a result of pyramidal tract dysfunction. The proximity of the tectal plate to the aqueduct of Sylvius in the mesencephalon makes non-communicating hydroencephalus the most likely culprit for the increased intracranial pressure.
Diagnosis of tectal plate glioma is based
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Ventriculoperitoneal shunts, which reroute CSF to the abdomen and endoscopic third ventriculostomy, which places a fenestration on the floor of the third ventricle and allows for CSF to directly flow into the subarachnoid space, are both viable choices for management of hydroencephalus. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has the additional advantage of obtaining a biopsy during the same procedure, allowing for staging of the tumor and consequently, better-informed decisions on treatment. If tumor progression or high-grade gliomas are identified after the initial intervention, patients can elect to undergo a mixed combination of more aggressive treatments, such as surgical resection of the tumor, radiotherapy, and
Surgical treatment: In infant: Transventricular valvotomy procedure(Brock) In children: Pulmonary valvotomy with cardiopulmonary
Cranial nerves continue intact, including the extraocular eye movements being intact without nystagmus. Visual fields are full in both eyes. He had no papilledema or atrophy of either optic disc. Pupils react from 4 down to 2 mm, bilaterally brisk and round to light and accommodation. He continues to have good strength with normal bulk and tone throughout his extremities.
The only way to diagnose it is posthumously. In the three years prior to his death, Junior Seau was having increased mood swings, falling into depression, forgetfulness, insomnia and emotional detachment. Junior Seau's brain showed definitive signs of CTE. Those signs included the presence of an abnormal protein called "tau”. Tau forms neurofibrillary tangles, effectively strangling brain cells.
• Inefficient pumping action. • Loss of arteriolar tone. • Abnormalities in volume and constituents of circulating blood. • Local disorders of the central nervous system. >
With the movie "Concussion" appearing in theatre 's last December, I took it upon myself to dive deeper into the subject. This time with the same concept, but with a different group of football players. More specifically, the young football players in which the injuries received, being both minor and major injuries, contributes to the development of their brain structures. Within each hit these young players take, the still growing brain comes to a halt every time the team makes a tackle that damages the brain further than most humans do throughout their lifetime. Many different scientists have been conducting experiments to provide proof of how concussions can cause a decline in lifespan of young football players.
A concussion is a form of traumatic brain injury caused by a forceful movement of the head, for example, a blow or jolt causing the brain to rapidly move inside the skull, resulting in chemical changes in the brain, which may cause stretching or damage to brain cells. Concussions may cause symptoms to interfere with school work, social, family relationships, and participation in sports. Each year it is reported that there are
Aneurysm Introduction: The term aneurysm is derived from the Greek word aneurysma meaning “a widening”. An aneurysm is a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall that causes an outward bulging likened to a bubble or balloon. Aneurysms are a result of a weakened blood vessel wall and may be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease. Aneurysms can also be a nidus for thrombosis and embolization.
“In other words, as the corpus callosum was destroyed, generalized convulsive seizures became less frequent,” Van Wagenen wrote in the 1940 paper, noting that “as a rule, consciousness is not lost when the spread of the epileptic wave is not great or when it is limited to one cerebral cortex.” Based on the cases of the cancer patients—and some other clinical observations—Van Wagenen believed that destroying the corpus callosum of his patients would block the spread of the electrical impulses that lead to seizures, so that a seizure that began in the left hemisphere, for example, stayed in the left hemisphere. The surgery worked for most of the patients: In his paper, Van Wagenen reported that seven of the 10 experienced seizures that were
Recently over the previous decades, concussions have increasingly received attention in the world of sports. A concussion is a serious head injury that can happen to any player, and in just about any sport. Indeed, it has been happening to a countless number of athletes for centuries. However, it is also important to note that a concussion can also take place outside of sports, meaning it can happen to anybody. For instance, there have been incidents where a person tripped while running, fell, and the impact of their head’s contact with the ground has caused a concussion.
Hemangioma is a common type of. It is a tumor-like birthmark of cells called endothelial cells. You can get hemangioma anywhere in your body. Most appear during the first weeks of life, and then grows rapidly for 6-12 months. They start to shrink which may take 7 years.
Injuries and growths in the high cervical region of the spine, including the C2, have limited or no movement from the neck down, though a person
This is one of the many cases that occur with this brain injury. And this
Moreover, typical absences usually last 9–12 s (Hooge, & De Deyn, 2001). Indeed, mutations of genes coding for GABA A receptors and T-type calcium channels have been linked to AS. More recent studies have found that Glucose transporters might also be linked to AS, however data is limited in this respect and offers further room for exploration. The pathophysiological theories hypothesized to date, have clearly always recognised the contribution of two forebrain structures, the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, and their fundamental roles in the generation of seizures.
The usual presentation is a large amount of vomiting that eventually becomes projectile. If not identified soon the child will soon become dehydrated and less likely to attempt feeding. Weight loss can also occur. The diagnosis is usually made by clinical history, palpation of an olive like mass in the upper right quadrant, usually backed up with ultrasound. The patient’s arterial blood gas can also sometimes show a hyperchloremic acidosis due to the evacuation of stomach contents.
The third and terminal branch of the trigeminal nerve (inferior alveolar nerve) that supply to the mandible is being affected to show the episode (Giuliani, Lajolo, Deli, & Silveri, 2001). In addition, the second branch of the trigeminal nerve (maxillary nerve) to show the effects. The nerves are also responsible for skin innervations. Therefore, Mary had experienced numbness and loss of sensation. Fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve) is affected to show the episode.