XYZ Affair: Events Surrounding The French Revolution

During the Revolutionary era, the birth of the U.S. Constitution gave way to the political divide between the two polarizing philosophies of Federalists and Anti-Federalists. After the economic pitfalls and decentralization the Articles of Confederation had left behind, action was taken to ameliorate its failures. With the creation of the Federalist party in by founder Alexander Hamilton, its members advocated for a stronger national government and defended the validity of the Constitution’s ratification. Contrarily, the Constitution was met with skepticism on behalf of the Anti-Federalists, who believed it would undermine state sovereignty and infringe upon their human rights. The two parties hailed from different socioeconomic backgrounds,

These laws were passed as a means to provide the president with unilateral power to have immigrants imprisoned or deported by claiming they were a threat to our nation’s security and had committed crimes against the federal government. In the Alien Act it states that “it shall be lawful for the President of the United States at any time during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United States” (U.S. Stat. 2). This caused further division and conflict between the Federalist and the Republicans when it pertained to the Constitution. Many Americans as well as Republicans felt it conflicted with the Constitution and encroached on the states’ rights which were seen as being unconstitutional.

George Washington’s foreign policies helped boost the American economy. This is shown through Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney 's Treaty. During the time of Washington 's reign the French Revolution erupted between England and France. England began seizing American ships that were carrying goods to France. To solve this disturbance Washington sent John Jay to England to work out a treaty.

As our nation first formed, there was much concern about the role of our nation’s leader and how powerful they should be. When the Articles of Confederation were written in 1781, it did not provide for an executive branch. In 1787, at the first Constitutional convention, the delegates agreed that there had to be an executive branch which would be separate from the legislative branch. They felt this would avoid any corruption and would provide for checks and balances to prevent dictatorial rule by this branch of government. Though small, the executive branch plays a crucial role in running the United States.

While the Naturalization and Alien Friends Acts extended the period for gaining citizenship and allowed to deport people from

This compromise helped give each state equal say in the government. As John Samples said to the Cato Institute in In Defense of the Electoral College, “ … the Electoral College makes sure that the states count in presidential elections… an important part of our federalist system - a system worth preserving… federalism is central to our grand constitutional effort to restrain power.” (Doc C). Since this nation is founded on federalism (the sharing of power between national and state governments), it only makes sense that each individual state would want equal say in the nation’s government. Samples knew that to keep the government running smoothly, each state needed equal representation in the government, thus the Electoral College.

The Supreme Court priorities from the time period of 1790 to 1865 were establishing the Judiciary Act of 1789, which was instrumental in founding the Federal Court System. The framers believed that establishing a National Judiciary was an urgent and important task. After the installation of Chief Justice John Marshall who “used his dominance to strengthen the court 's position and advance the policies he favored” (Baum 20). However, in the decision of the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803 was an example of the power he exuded “in which the Court struck down a Federal statute for the first time” (Baum 20). This created some internal conflict between Marshall and President Thomas Jefferson, however Marshall was able to diffuse this with

In 1787 there was a constitutional convention which composed a new structure for our American government. (Study.com 2003) During the convention the delegates weren’t able to decide whether the people or congress should elect the president, thus creating the Electoral College. (Study.com 2003) The Electoral College is an arrangement between the majority vote of Congress and qualified citizens for the election of the president.

Madison court case that took place in 1803. The law that was declared by the Supreme Court at this hearing was that a court has the power to declare an act of Congress void if it goes against the Constitution. This case took place because President John Adams had appointed William Marbury as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia, and the new president, Thomas Jefferson, did not agree with this decision. William Marbury was not appointed by the normal regulation, which was that the Secretary of State, James Madison, needed to make a notice of the appointment. James Madison did not follow through and make a notice of Marbury’s appointment; therefore, he sued James Madison, which was where the Supreme Court came in place.

The embargo Act took place during 1807. This act made any and every export illegal in the United States. This act was introduced by the third President of the United States, President Thomas Jefferson. The act was enacted by Congress of the United States. The main goal of the Embargo Act was to get Britian and France to respect all rights of Americans.

During the early years when Marshall was appointed Chief Justice, there was an insignificant case that came about the Supreme Court. However, it was that case, Marbury v. Madison, that became one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in United States

Marbury v. Madison was heard in 1803 and is considered a landmark United States Supreme Court case which helped the Court form the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under a new article of the Constitution. This was a landmark decision because it helped to define the difference in power between the executive and judicial branches of the American government. It was the first time that a court ruled that they had the power to declare an act of Congress void if it is not consistent with the values of the Constitution. McCulloch v. Maryland was decided by the Supreme Court in 1819, and was known for asserting national supremacy for state action in areas of their constitutionally granted authority.

These tariff acts have lead America to where it standings today with the foreign trade agreement and have even helped our country shape stronger and more reliable relationships and alliances with other countries. For example, as of November 5th 2015, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which is made up of the twelve countries that include; Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, Singapore, Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, United States, and Vietnam, has come to a conclusion and contracted an agreement that is to be followed by each of the countries. This agreement as President Barack Obama states, “is a agreement that reflects America’s values and gives our workers the fair shot at success they deserve.” In summary, this partnership makes things

US Supreme Court Assignment Please research and write a short summary of each Supreme Court case. Marbury v. Madison (1803) The Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case was when judicial review, which is when the Supreme Court can veto laws that are deemed unconstitutional, officially began. This court case occurred because during John Adams’ presidential term he appointed Marbury to be a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia.

The key issue that prompted the European Union to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the World Trade Organization occurs when Fildel Castro government took control of most private firms of which some of those assets were owned by individual and companies of America. Consequently America president imposed a trade embargo on Cuba, the embargo was later made stricter by Helms Burton Act which stipulated that foreign countries and companies will be penalized for doing business with Cuba. Major trading partners from countries around the world saw the Helms Burton Act as a violation of the laws of international trade. While supporter were of the belief that the “effects doctrine” of international law permits a nation to take “reasonable” measures to protect its interests when an act outside its boundaries produces a direct effect inside its boundaries. It was at this point the European Commission intervened by proposing legislation