Alkane Essays

molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon only1 and can be classified as saturated or unsaturated. A saturated hydrocarbon has the maximum number of hydrogens that can be present, given the number of carbons in the compound, for example, acyclic alkanes. A hydrocarbon is unsaturated if a hydrogen can be added1. This is a result of a hydrogen in the molecule being replaced, for example, with a double or triple bond or ring structure. Three examples of saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons, used in

Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment. The chemical equation for this experiment is hydrochloric

On 1/7, the Alky started to only process FCCU BB and no longer process Coker BB. Alkylation chemistry, neither likes contaminants nor diluents. Contaminants are direct acid consumers. The more contaminants in the feed, the more often the unit will be at an acid constraint. Diluents do not react in alkylation chemistry, but they take up space and decrease the effective area for isobutane and olefin to contact. With less contact, side reactions like polymerization are more likely to occur; polymerization

Alkanes Properties . The physical properties of alkanes are not the same for the whole group. Each individual alkane has different appearances with a broad range of colours and odours according to their structure. Despite the variety of physical traits within this homologues group, the chemical traits of an alkane are in a pattern form. For example, alkane’s boiling points increase as the chain of

the mixtures exhibit positive excess volumes over the whole mole fraction range. VE results of 4-Methylpentan-2-ol with n-alkanes were compared with VE of Hexanol-1 + n-alkanes. The variation of VE with the change in the position of either alkyl group or –OH group is discussed. 1. Introduction The molar excess volumes of binary liquid mixtures particularly alkanol – alkanes mixtures have been determined by many workers (Kaur et al.,1989, 1991and Mahajan et al.,2013) and the results have been utilized

In the experiment 1 of intermolecular forces via evaporation, groups were challenged to gain a better understanding of the molecular forces in alkanes and alcohols while also exploring the impact of molar mass on intermolecular forces. Before starting, it must be understood that evaporation is an endothermic process. Substances with weak intermolecular forces will experience a greater temperature drop. Strong intermolecular forces will not experience a great temperature change. Because of the key

22]. However, for the higher order alkanes such as propane and butane, the reactivity of which are higher and the ignition delay times are much shorter relative to methane. Moreover, in the high temperature oxidation of methane, the rate of the governing reaction CH4 + O2 CH3 + HO2 is much slower than of the similar reactions of the higher order alkanes [22]. Therefore, the nonlinear promoting of DME addition on ignition is not observed for higher order alkanes at high

functional groups in FTIR Absorption frequency range(cm-1) Absorption peak (cm-1) Type of vibration 3020-3100 2920 =C-H stretch of alkene 2850-3000 2852 C-H stretch of alkane 1705-1720 1710 C=O stretch of acid 1350-1480 1452 -CH bend of alkane 1210-1320 1284 C-O stretch of acid 675-1000 931 =C-H bend of alkene 720-725 721 C-H rock of alkane Figure 5.3 FTIR spectra of erucic

The reduction of 9-fluorenone experiments in period 8 is a reduction reaction of double bonds, specifically a reduction of a carbonyl compound to prepare an alcohol, 9-flurenol is this experiment. Just to reiterate what a carbonyl is, a carbonyl is a compound that has a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. Since the main reaction behind this week’s experiment is a reduction reaction, it is important to learn and understand how and what takes place in it. In general terms, a reduction is a gain of electrons

infrared spectrum was run on the product to be compared to the starting material. The starting material had peaks at 2900 cm-1, and 1700 cm-1, corresponding to the Csp3-H of alkanes, and the C=O of a carbonyl ketone. The product’s IR spectrum had a peak at 3400 cm-1 and 2900 cm-1, indicating the prescence of an alcohol and Csp3-H of alkanes. The Jones test was performed using cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone as controls, and testing the starting material, 2-methylcyclohexanone, and the product. The product

Radical Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane Stella Greathouse March 3, 2023 Abstract A light-initiated reaction between sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid was done to carry out the radical chlorination of 1-chlorobutane. The product was then extracted using sodium bicarbonate and dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate. The amount of each dichlorobutane product was then found through gas chromatography analysis. These amounts then helped to determine the relative reactivities of the hydrogens in

a very small percentage of the petroleum composition (Hunt, 1996). 2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON The properties of hydrocarbons are classified in terms of its hydrocarbon structure. 2.4.1 ALKANES (PARAFFINS) Alkanes form the basis of petroleum fuels and can be in linear and branched forms. Alkanes are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons which means they only contain single bond between all carbon atoms (MuMurry, 1992). The wax present in petroleum primarily consists of paraffin and naphthenic

are called as conformational isomers and sometimes they frequently interconverting rapidly at room temperature. Hydrocarbon alkanes usually present conformation isomerism due to the presence of C-C bonds. C-C σ bonds rotate to give different shapes to a molecule like eclipsed form, staggered and anti form, and staggered and gauche form. In conformations of non-cyclic alkanes, names are given to two distinct conformations, eclipsed conformation and staggered conformation. C-H bonds on each carbon

Spectra of Cyclohexanol Expected Peaks Functional Group Observed Peaks Functional Group 3600- 3200 cm-1 O-H 1500-1200 cm -1 3000- 2850 cm-1 C-C Alkane 1500-1000 cm-1 C-C Alkane Table 2: IR Spectra of Synthesized Cyclohexanone Expected Peaks Functional Group Observed Peaks Functional Group 1810-1640 cm-1 C=O 1500- 1100 cm-1 C=O 3000- 2850 cm-1 C-H Alkane 1800- 800 cm-1 Results: Units in Grams Mass of final product 0.2696 g Mass of Vial w/ Final product 15.8166 g Mass of product 0.0007 g Weight

Hydrocarbons are molecules that only comprise of hydrogen and carbon. The aliphatic hydrocarbons have three groups which are the alkanes, which contain single bonds, alkenes, which contain one double bond, and alkynes, which contain one triple bond. Wax is made from alkanes which means it’s mostly insoluble in water and holds a lot of hydrogen atoms. This goes for oil as well. Mineral oil contains many different hydrocarbons (10 to about 50 carbon atoms)

Benzoin was oxidized to benzil by copper (II) which is formed from cupric acetate. The yield will be lower when benzoin oxidized with copper then it converted into benzoil. Students should know ammonium nitrate, cupric acetate, and acetic acid function. Firstly, copper (II) from cupric acetate will separate and gain an electron from benzoin. Therefore, benzoin became the radical cation. Then, the other part of cupric acetate which is acetate as the base attacks the proton in benzoin. Then, acetic

Catalysts Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions but do not get used up so they can be used over and over again. Reactions that take place in the presence of catalysts are called catalytic reaction or catalysis. Catalysts are used in many industries. Some catalysts work by providing a surface for the particles to come together. They decrease their activation energy, which means that particles can now collide with less energy resulting in more effective collisions. (Book- GCSE

Other compounds that can be formed as a result of the Grignard are the alkanes. For instance, when reacted with water, ethane is formed. Grignard reagents form examples of the strongest bases and can react with other reagents such as the acidic hydrogen. They are also chief sources of the nucleophiles (Banno et al., pg 290)

The main objective of this experiment was to synthesize cyclohexanone from the starting reactant cyclohexanol using oxidation techniques. The mechanism of this oxidation reaction was not fully established but scientists today were able to create a possible mechanisms for the synthesis of cyclohexanone. The mechanisms involved were known that it does not involve free radicals and that the yields were better in acidic rather than basic conditions (Experiment 8 of myweb.brooklyn.liu.edu Laboratory Manuals

Considering Table 2, of the NVT simulation data, a trend occurs among the three pentane isomers. The trend that is exhibited in Table 2 is evaluated through the values of the isomers in van der Waals energy, coulombs, and sum of bond energies. The values indicate that pentane has the largest of van der Waals energy, coulomb, and sum of bond energies in comparison to the isomer isopentane that had the lowest of all the values. With the values for pentane to be the highest, this can be in result from