Liquid-liquid extraction Essays

ACIDITY TEST INTRODUCTION: Acidity is the total amount of hydrogen ion present in the food sample with the expectation of those bound to alkaline ions. The hydrogen ion can be either attached to acids or in the form of free ions or anions. Titratable acidity is different than total acidity although at times both terms are used to mean the same thing total acidity is the total amount of organic acids in the food sample. This all acids (tartaric, oxalic acid, citric acid, sulfuric acid, lactic acid

use steam distillation and extraction (if needed) to isolate eugenol from cloves. The product and its’ purity were to be confirmed using TLC, and by analyzing NMR. The data is to determine if steam distillation is an effective way to obtain oils that are “pure”. The method of steam distillation includes the separation of a compound that is immiscible with water. Steam distillation utilizes Raoults Law pertaining to vapor pressures and the fact that immiscible liquids will boil at a lower temperature

Results and Discussion From the acid-base extraction of unknown #1837, 0.839 g of the crude white solid was produced. The acidic compound extracted was pearl-like in color with a bubbly, thin, and flaky appearance. The other product, the crude colorless liquid neutral compound extracted totaled 0.904 g after evaporating the solvent through the rotary evaporator. Once the crude white solid was recrystallized, the flaky, glazed, and shiny white product weighed 0.240 g. The white shiny product had

The method used was the liquid/liquid extraction because it was able to separate the non polar product in the organic hexane layer and remove the impurities in a polar water layer. This process was repeated numerous times to get rid of as many impurities as possible. After separation, DME was added to the organic layer to remove water impurities which then was further purified by roto-vaporation. This technique also was useful in removing impurities and to separate the liquids from the product efficiently

safe or not. Fracking is the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into rocks to extract oil and natural gas from the earth. Fracking has become more and more popular over the last 10 years because it is a much cheaper way to extract oil and natural gas from the Earth. Although Fracking has lots of upsides, there are thoughts that it can lead to earthquakes and contaminated groundwater. Scientists believe that the high pressure of liquid on the rocks can lead to cracks that cause fault lines

Fracking Fracking is an issue around the world that must stop because it puts air quality at risk, puts water quality at risk, and requires lots of water. Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, refers to the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks, boreholes, etc., so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas. Fracking can put air quality at risk. Scientist Miriam Rotkin-Ellman has stated that “The health risks from fracking are not limited to what’s in

This ice formation, which is less dense then glaze ice, is an opaque, rough deposit. At ground level it forms in freezing fog and consists of a deposit of ice on the windward side of exposed objects. Rime is light and porous and results from the small water drops freezing as individual particles, with little or no spreading. A large amount of air is trapped between the particles. Aircraft in flight may experience rime icing when flying through clouds with the air temperature and the temperature

industry. Fracking (hydraulic fracturing), a simple but revolutionary process, has changed the way of collecting natural resources after the propitious success in 1947. Hydraulic fracturing is a technique in which rock is fractured by using a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of 'fracking fluid' (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock structures through which natural

can. Out of all the geometric shapes, a sphere has the least surface area. Bubble soap is mostly made of water, soap, and glycerin. Glycerin is an organic compound, and its common sources are animal fat and vegetable oil. It is a clear, odorless liquid, and has a sweet taste. It is commonly used in soap. Glycerin can make the bubbles last longer and make the soap film more flexible. The molecular formula of glycerin is C3H5(OH)3. It is a chain of three carbon atoms, and each carbon atom is bonded

It didn’t make any sense. Although, in 2013, physicists found out why this strange effect takes place. It has to do with the chemistry of each individual molecule. “When water heats up, the hydrogen bonds stretch and store energy as the liquid gets less dense and molecules move apart. The extra stretch in the bonds allows the bonds between molecules to relax and shrink a little, giving up their energy. This is equal to cooling.” What this explanation basically means is that superheating

In thin layer chromatography, the example is separated in the flexible stage dissolvable. The ensuing course of action is then spotted near the base of the rectangular sheet of glass or plastic secured with silica. The sheet is then submerged in a chamber containing a little measure of dissolvable, keeping the spots over the surface of the dissolvable. Once the sheet is set in the chamber, the dissolvable begins to increase on the sheet through thin movement. The covering on the sheet is the staionary

Does it mean, is it related to the latent heat of freezing, or the appearance of the first ice crystal or the solidification of the last bit of liquid water? If you selected one of the above as your answer, how would you observe the time at which that event occurred in a specimen of water? For example, in Fig. 3, how long did it take for the water to freeze? Now, imagine that we have combined the

is this supersonic shock wave that is important to ramjet air intake functioning, and it was the cause of major headaches in the design of ramjets that would work reliably. It is important to remember that the air molecules in this wave are moving at the speed of sound, and no faster. The simplest air intake design is just a hollow tube with a circular opening - a pipe. Imagine a pipe fastened to a supersonic airplane or rocket. When the pipe is propelled through the air at supersonic speeds the

Title: The Effect of the Amount of Salt (Mass) on The Density of Coloured Solutions Question: How does the Amount of Salt Solution (Mass) Affect the Density of Liquid Solutions? Background Research: Density is how light or how heavy something is, depending on its size. Density can determine an object’s mass or volume. If an object is more dense, it will sink and its atoms would be closely packed. When an object is not dense, it will float which will make the atoms loose. Scientists are able

Question 1 Question Topic: A1 – Identification of Materials – Physical Characteristics Question: Given the Monomer Unit structure below answer the following: A: Name the plastic relating to it B: Write the density for both amorphous and crystalline (in g/cm^3) C: List 2 things commonly made with it. D: CALCULATE the molecular weight of polypropylene (g/mol) Answer: The plastic relating to the monomer structure above is Polypropylene. (PP) Polypropylene is one of the lower density fibers. The

Purpose/Question This lab was made to find out what the possible methods are, such as sand in a plastic container with a piece of black polyethylene foam inside the lid, to protect an egg from a two meter drop on a hard floor. What effect does a container of sand have from a two meter drop on a hard floor with an egg halfway buried inside the sand? Background In class we learned that impulse is the change of momentum of an object when that same object is acted upon by a force for a period of

5 litres of 1x10^-2 Dodecylamin has been diluted to 1x10^-5M by adding accurate amount of water from the tap. To calculate required water amount mathematical equations given below : C1V1=C2V2 10^-2M x V1 =10^-5M x 1,000 mL V1 = 10^-5/10^-2 = 10^-3 M = 1,000 mL Here C1,C2; are the first and second concentrations of solution V1 and V2 ; are the required and current volumes. The impeller turned on and DDA, and tap water left to be mixed properly with water for 2 minutes. Approximately 150 grams

4.2 Antifreeze Fluids with IBPs As studies show in Dow Chemical Company (DCC), the glycerol-water solution becomes slushy when it freezes (107) indicated with our studies shown in Figure 41(a). Specifically, the experiment shows the interaction between 20% glycerol and IBPs. For example, at 274.2 K the right-side peak becomes shorter because it reaches its freezing point of the 20% glycerol at 268.5K (83). Then, when the temperature is lowered to 241.1 K, the inhomogeneity of the system due to the

better understand why liquids evaporate at different rates. In doing so, investigation of the factors that determine the intensity of the intermolecular forces by the rate of evaporation must be obtained in the following seven liquids: methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, water, pentane, and acetone. Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules whereas intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Each of the seven liquids consists of intermolecular

Choice of Issue Fracking Title Do the benefits of fracking outweigh the disadvantages? Background Fracking is fundamentally different than traditional gas extraction methods. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is when a well is drilled vertically into the earth then turns ninety degrees, becoming horizontal for thousands of feet into the targeted shale rock believed to contain the natural gas. Shale is a compressed fine-grained type of sedimentary rock. It was formed from mud silt, clay, and organic