Mitochondrial DNA Essays

This single strand of nylon was to be analysed at Georgia State Crime Laboratory by Larry Peterson a microanalyst. He found that this nylon strand was very similar to those of the earlier nylons found on the clothing of his victims. They found it was yellow-green in colour but what was more important for the analysists was that the cross-section of the fibres all had the characteristic of being a fibre used in furnishing or carpet. This helped to narrow down the origin of the fibre and with the suspicious

Hairs: Name of the case: The murder of James Anagnos Victim: James Anagnos Suspect: Frank Wright How the hair made a connection for the case: James Anagnos was found dead in her restaurant with a handful hair. DNA analysis, later, found the hair was Frank Wright but detectives only were able to create him a suspect after they found put him and the victim had an argument before closing that night- along with the hair. Name of the case: The murder a cab driver Victim: A unknown cab driver Suspect:

INTRODUCTION:- Several experiments have shown the presence of the genes on chromosomes inside the nucleus. These genes inside nucleus control the phenotypes of the organisms and are transmitted from one generation to next generation. This hereditary transmission is known as Mendelian Inheritance. The nuclear genes are inherited from male and female parents in equal proportions and contribute equally to the genetic constitution of the offspring. However, some inheritance patterns have been observed

process, mitochondria include a set of mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA (Kelly et al., 2005) that is individual of nucleic DNA. Unlike the DNA contained in the nucleus this mitochondrial DNA contains a specific set of instructions or

'Powerhouse of the Cell', they are a feature present in all types of eukaryotic organisms including chloroplasts (only present in plants and algae). They are membrane enclosed organelles that consist of a smooth outer double membrane structure, the mitochondrial matrix and the narrow intermembrane space. Inside the mitochondria there are many folds called cristae. The outer membrane has many porin molecules on it that act as a filter, allowing small molecules, such as some proteins, to enter the intermembrane

mitochondria contains its own genome. A genome is the genetic makeup of an individual, the mitochondrial genome consists of the DNA found in the mitochondrial matrix (Snustad et. al 2010). This codes for proteins and enzymes used within the mitochondria for

The most common example of a prokaryote is Bacteria. Bacteria lacks a defined nucleus and do not have membrane bound organelles. Bacteria have a circular DNA present on the cytoplasm and extra genetic material

genetic material of an organism. The genome may be either DNA or RNA. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes always have a DNA genome but viruses may either have a DNA genome or RNA genome. There are two distinct parts in eukaryotic genome, one is the nuclear genome and the other is the organelle genome, which is of two types: mitochondrial and chloroplast genome respectively. This paper focuses on the organelle genome of eukaryotes, that is, mitochondrial and chloroplast genome. Mitochondria are found in both

Mitochondrial disease happens when the mitochondria in a cell fail to produce enough energy for the cell to function. This results in a disease called mitochondrial disease, this is a genetic disorder with no cure. There can be many different forms of mitochondrial disease such as, Alper’s disease. Alper’s disease begins during early childhood; symptoms include increased muscle tone, seizures and loss of cognitive ability. There are many causes for the disease, with genetics, metabolic aspects and

most of the DNA evidence. Only mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited only from the mother and is the most durable, remained. Few scientists but Sykes had ever used mitochondrial DNA because it was so newly discovered. Sykes, however, was confident in its accuracy and went ahead in testing the DNA of the so-called “Iceman” against that of several modern day Europeans who had donated mitochondrial samples. Sykes was astonished to find that every single one of his modern day Europeans’ DNA revealed them

inconsequential. This is called mitochondrial transfer. It is called that because mitochondria swim around the nucleus. Almost all of a cell’s DNA is in the nucleus and only about one percent is in the mitochondria. If there was a defect in the mother’s mitochondria, the child has a possibility of inheriting defects. A woman that lives in London, has a baby that is ten months old that has Leigh’s syndrome. The cause was likely caused by a flaw in the mother 's mitochondrial DNA. The defect results in lesions

prokaryote (Spees, et al. 2006). Mitochondria has DNA, (mtDNA) which are not protected by the histones as in the nuclear DNA (Croteau and Bohr 1997). In the nuclear DNA, the histones offers a shielding to protect the DNA from damaging the free radicals (Milligan, Aguilera and Ward 1993), it is also required to repair the double stranded DNA breaks (Celeste, et al. 2003). The mitochondrial DNA on the other had is lacking the histones, hence

possess their own DNA. By definition the mitochondria are the ‘primary energy-generating system in most eukaryotic cells’ (Chan, 2006). They are often described as the ‘powerhouse’ of cells, providing 90% of the energy required by the body for vital processes and reactions (Pike and Brown, 1975). The circular mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) consists of only 16,569 base pairs (2) but is present in multiple copies in all cells (Lightowlers, Taylor and Turnbull, 2015). The cause of mitochondrial diseases are

It is believed that an endosymbiotic event occurred where an organism capable of oxidative phosphorylation was consumed by another cell. This theory is backed up by the DNA, double membrane and mitochondrial specific transcription and translation mechanisms used to allow such a phenomenon to occur. Mitochondria still secure their characteristic double membrane structure and are still the primary source of ATP production, from their ancestors

by deleting, inserting, or modifying parts of the DNA sequence (“What is CRISPR-Cas9?”, 2016). The process behind CRISPR is more in-depth and complex than IVF since actual genome editing is being done. There are two key molecules that make CRISPR work and actually introduce the mutation to the DNA, Cas9 and gRNA (guide RNA). The enzyme Cas9 acts as a pair of scissors that cuts the two strands of DNA at a specific spot in the genome, so pieces of DNA can be inserted or removed (“What is CRISPR-Cas9

nuclear transfer may very well be limited by mitochondrial nuclear genome compatibility. Nuclear genome simply refers to the set of all genes inherited from our parents that code for the development and working of our body. Mitochondrial genome on the other hand, is located in mitochondrial found within cells and codes for proteins that are crucial for cellular respiration, providing the energy required for the daily workings of our body. Mitochondrial genome, unlike nuclear genome, is inherited only

Genes are the basic hereditary units consisting of DNA sequences which code information for the synthesis of specific proteins. Phenotypic expression as well as the personality expression and behavioral patterns are also determined by these genes. Disorders caused by the abnormalities in an individual’s genome are known as genetic disorders which are either inherited or caused by mutation in the pre-existing genes (Shiel, 2010). Genetic disorders can be classified into four categories which are single-gene

that is seen in multicellular organisms. It is characterized by the activation of biochemical pathways that lead to changes in cell morphology. These morphological changes include: cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies. Changes such as mitochondrial breakdown to release cytochrome c and the translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner plasma membrane leaflet to the outer leaflet also occur. The changes that occur in the cell, act as signals

a resemblance to bacterial DNA. Maximum, mitochondria, bacteria and chloroplasts comprehend a single round DNA molecule, alike the lined mtDNA in medusozoan cnidarians. In difference, animal cell and plants, or even the eukaryotes, household numerous lined elements of DNA in nucleus. The nuclear DNA of eukaryotes is defined with many histone proteins and also prearranged into the chromosomes. The round DNA is alike in chloroplasts and mitochondria to the bacterial DNA, then again it is far smaller

dangers, the ethical concerns, and the social implications of genetic engineering. We will focus on two specific techniques: mitochondrial DNA transfer and use of somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to create embryonic stem cells. Mitochondrial DNA transfer has been promoted as a way for people with mitochondrial disease to have healthy children with their own nuclear DNA, and SCNT-produced stem cells have been promoted as a technique that could potentially lead to innovative therapies that will